Circadian rhythms from flies to human

In this era of jet travel, our body 'remembers' the previous time zone, such that when we travel, our sleep–wake pattern, mental alertness, eating habits and many other physiological processes temporarily suffer the consequences of time displacement until we adjust to the new time zone. Although the existence of a circadian clock in humans had been postulated for decades, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms has required the full complement of research tools. To gain the initial insights into circadian mechanisms, researchers turned to genetically tractable model organisms such as Drosophila.

[1]  Jeffrey C. Hall,et al.  Behavior in Light-Dark Cycles of Drosophila Mutants That Are Arrhythmic, Blind, or Both , 1993, Journal of biological rhythms.

[2]  Thomas K. Darlington,et al.  Closing the circadian loop: CLOCK-induced transcription of its own inhibitors per and tim. , 1998, Science.

[3]  M. W. Young,et al.  double-time Is a Novel Drosophila Clock Gene that Regulates PERIOD Protein Accumulation , 1998, Cell.

[4]  L. Vosshall,et al.  Circadian rhythms in drosophila can be driven by period expression in a restricted group of central brain cells , 1995, Neuron.

[5]  A. Roca,et al.  Cloning of a structural and functional homolog of the circadian clock gene period from the giant silkmoth antheraea pernyi , 1994, Neuron.

[6]  Steven M. Reppert,et al.  Posttranslational Mechanisms Regulate the Mammalian Circadian Clock , 2001, Cell.

[7]  Michael W. Young,et al.  Rhythmic Expression of timeless: A Basis for Promoting Circadian Cycles in period Gene Autoregulation , 1995, Science.

[8]  Markus Meister,et al.  Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms , 1995, Neuron.

[9]  Jeffrey C. Hall,et al.  A pdf neuropeptide gene mutation and ablation of PDF neurons each cause severe abnormalities of behavioral circadian rhythms in Drosophila. , 2000, Cell.

[10]  E. Eide,et al.  Nuclear Entry of the Circadian Regulator mPER1 Is Controlled by Mammalian Casein Kinase I ɛ , 2000, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[11]  K. Siwicki,et al.  An antibody to the Drosophila period protein labels antigens in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat. , 1992, Journal of neurogenetics.

[12]  D. Allen,et al.  A circadian enhancer mediates PER-dependent mRNA cycling in Drosophila melanogaster , 1997, Molecular and cellular biology.

[13]  J. C. Hall,et al.  Expression of the period clock gene within different cell types in the brain of Drosophila adults and mosaic analysis of these cells' influence on circadian behavioral rhythms , 1992, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[14]  Jeffrey C. Hall,et al.  An antibody to the Drosophila period protein recognizes circadian pacemaker neurons in Aplysia and Bulla , 1989, Neuron.

[15]  A. Sehgal,et al.  Loss of circadian behavioral rhythms and per RNA oscillations in the Drosophila mutant timeless. , 1994, Science.

[16]  M. Rosbash,et al.  PAS is a dimerization domain common to Drosophila Period and several transcription factors , 1993, Nature.

[17]  R. S. Peigler,et al.  Evolution and phylogenetic utility of the period gene in Lepidoptera. , 1998, Molecular biology and evolution.

[18]  D. V. Leenen,et al.  Mammalian Cry1 and Cry2 are essential for maintenance of circadian rhythms , 1999, Nature.

[19]  M. W. Young,et al.  A Role for the Segment Polarity Gene shaggy/GSK-3 in the Drosophila Circadian Clock , 2001, Cell.

[20]  G. Robinson,et al.  Changes in period mRNA levels in the brain and division of labor in honey bee colonies. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[21]  F. Jackson,et al.  A new biological rhythm mutant of Drosophila melanogaster that identifies a gene with an essential embryonic function. , 1993, Genetics.

[22]  S. Kay,et al.  Orchestrated transcription of key pathways in Arabidopsis by the circadian clock. , 2000, Science.

[23]  J. Takahashi,et al.  Spectral sensitivity of a novel photoreceptive system mediating entrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms , 1984, Nature.

[24]  F. Jackson,et al.  Period protein from the giant silkmoth antheraea pernyi functions as a circadian clock element in drosophila melanogaster , 1995, Neuron.

[25]  E. Meyer-Bernstein,et al.  Photic Signaling by Cryptochrome in the DrosophilaCircadian System , 2001, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[26]  Allan I Pack,et al.  Rest in Drosophila Is a Sleep-like State , 2000, Neuron.

[27]  Anne-Marie Chang,et al.  Functional Identification of the Mouse Circadian Clock Gene by Transgenic BAC Rescue , 1997, Cell.

[28]  Izzo,et al.  SUPPRESSION OF MELATONIN SECRETION IN SOME BLIND PATIENTS BY EXPOSURE TO BRIGHT LIGHT , 2001 .

[29]  Steven M. Reppert,et al.  Differential Functions of mPer1, mPer2, and mPer3 in the SCN Circadian Clock , 2001, Neuron.

[30]  M. W. Young,et al.  Phosphorylation of PERIOD Is Influenced by Cycling Physical Associations of DOUBLE-TIME, PERIOD, and TIMELESS in the Drosophila Clock , 2001, Neuron.

[31]  P. Hardin,et al.  Interlocked feedback loops within the Drosophila circadian oscillator. , 1999, Science.

[32]  T. Goldsmith,et al.  Photosensitivity of the Circadian Rhythm and of Visual Receptors in Carotenoid-Depleted Drosophila , 1971, Science.

[33]  A. Sehgal,et al.  Regulation of the Drosophila Protein Timeless Suggests a Mechanism for Resetting the Circadian Clock by Light , 1996, Cell.

[34]  R. V. Van Gelder,et al.  Preservation of light signaling to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitamin A-deficient mice , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[35]  Steven M Reppert,et al.  mCRY1 and mCRY2 Are Essential Components of the Negative Limb of the Circadian Clock Feedback Loop , 1999, Cell.

[36]  A. Sehgal,et al.  Isolation of timeless by PER Protein Interaction: Defective Interaction Between timeless Protein and Long-Period Mutant PERL , 1995, Science.

[37]  Stephen T. Crews,et al.  The Drosophila single-minded gene encodes a nuclear protein with sequence similarity to the per gene product , 1988, Cell.

[38]  V. Laudet,et al.  Circadian Regulation of Diverse Gene Products Revealed by mRNA Expression Profiling of Synchronized Fibroblasts* 210 , 2001, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[39]  R J Konopka,et al.  Clock mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. , 1971, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[40]  R. Foster,et al.  Identifying the photoreceptive inputs to the mammalian circadian system using transgenic and retinally degenerate mice , 2001, Behavioural Brain Research.

[41]  Jeffrey C. Hall,et al.  Molecular analysis of the period locus in Drosophila melanogaster and identification of a transcript involved in biological rhythms , 1984, Cell.

[42]  D. Virshup,et al.  Phosphorylation and destabilization of human period I clock protein by human casein kinase Iε , 2000, Neuroreport.

[43]  G. Boer,et al.  The suprachiasmatic nucleus and the circadian time-keeping system revisited , 2000, Brain Research Reviews.

[44]  Christopher R. Jones,et al.  An hPer2 Phosphorylation Site Mutation in Familial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome , 2001, Science.

[45]  G. Tononi,et al.  Correlates of sleep and waking in Drosophila melanogaster. , 2000, Science.

[46]  A. Handler,et al.  Transplantation of a circadian pacemaker in Drosophila , 1979, Nature.

[47]  I. Edery,et al.  Resetting the Drosophila Clock by Photic Regulation of PER and a PER-TIM Complex , 1996, Science.

[48]  A. Sehgal,et al.  A role for the proteasome in the light response of the timeless clock protein. , 1999, Science.

[49]  L. F. Kolakowski,et al.  A time-less function for mouse Timeless , 2000, Nature Neuroscience.

[50]  L. Vosshall,et al.  Block in nuclear localization of period protein by a second clock mutation, timeless. , 1994, Science.

[51]  I. Edery,et al.  The Drosophila CLOCK Protein Undergoes Daily Rhythms in Abundance, Phosphorylation, and Interactions with the PER–TIM Complex , 1998, Neuron.

[52]  Adam Claridge‐Chang,et al.  Circadian Regulation of Gene Expression Systems in the Drosophila Head , 2001, Neuron.

[53]  Y. Fukada,et al.  Light-induced phase-delay of the chicken pineal circadian clock is associated with the induction of cE4bp4, a potential transcriptional repressor of cPer2 gene , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[54]  S. Kay,et al.  Genome-Wide Expression Analysis in DrosophilaReveals Genes Controlling Circadian Behavior , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[55]  Jeffrey C. Hall,et al.  CRY, a Drosophila Clock and Light-Regulated Cryptochrome, Is a Major Contributor to Circadian Rhythm Resetting and Photosensitivity , 1998, Cell.

[56]  M. W. Young,et al.  Restoration of circadian behavioural rhythms by gene transfer in Drosophila , 1984, Nature.

[57]  J. Takahashi,et al.  Positional syntenic cloning and functional characterization of the mammalian circadian mutation tau. , 2000, Science.

[58]  Michael J. McDonald,et al.  Microarray Analysis and Organization of Circadian Gene Expression in Drosophila , 2001, Cell.

[59]  Mark J. Zylka,et al.  A Molecular Mechanism Regulating Rhythmic Output from the Suprachiasmatic Circadian Clock , 1999, Cell.

[60]  S. Reppert,et al.  Circadian Clock Neurons in the Silkmoth Antheraea pernyi: Novel Mechanisms of Period Protein Regulation , 1996, Neuron.

[61]  J. Rihel,et al.  The Drosophila double-timeS Mutation Delays the Nuclear Accumulation of period Protein and Affects the Feedback Regulation of period mRNA , 2001, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[62]  Michael W Young,et al.  Cycling vrille Expression Is Required for a Functional Drosophila Clock , 1999, Cell.

[63]  M. W. Young,et al.  Light-Induced Degradation of TIMELESS and Entrainment of the Drosophila Circadian Clock , 1996, Science.

[64]  Jeffrey C. Hall,et al.  A new role for cryptochrome in a Drosophila circadian oscillator , 2001, Nature.

[65]  M. Rosbash,et al.  The Drosophila takeout Gene Is a Novel Molecular Link between Circadian Rhythms and Feeding Behavior , 2000, Cell.

[66]  Michael W. Young,et al.  A TIMELESS-Independent Function for PERIOD Proteins in the Drosophila Clock , 2000, Neuron.

[67]  D. Sidote,et al.  Circadian Regulation of a Drosophila Homolog of the Mammalian Clock Gene: PER and TIM Function as Positive Regulators , 1998, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[68]  Steve A. Kay,et al.  Reciprocal Regulation Between TOC1 and LHY/CCA1 Within the Arabidopsis Circadian Clock , 2001, Science.

[69]  Jeffrey C. Hall,et al.  Neuroanatomy of cells expressing clock genes in Drosophila: Transgenic manipulation of the period and timeless genes to mark the perikarya of circadian pacemaker neurons and their projections , 2000, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[70]  Jeffrey C. Hall,et al.  A Mutant Drosophila Homolog of Mammalian Clock Disrupts Circadian Rhythms and Transcription of period and timeless , 1998, Cell.

[71]  R. Moore,et al.  Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat. , 1972, Brain research.

[72]  B. H. Miller,et al.  Coordinated Transcription of Key Pathways in the Mouse by the Circadian Clock , 2002, Cell.

[73]  S. Yamaguchi,et al.  Antagonistic role of E4BP4 and PAR proteins in the circadian oscillatory mechanism. , 2001, Genes & development.

[74]  Jeffrey C. Hall,et al.  The cryb Mutation Identifies Cryptochrome as a Circadian Photoreceptor in Drosophila , 1998, Cell.

[75]  C. Pittendrigh Circadian systems. I. The driving oscillation and its assay in Drosophila pseudoobscura. , 1967, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[76]  Thomas K. Darlington,et al.  Light-dependent sequestration of TIMELESS by CRYPTOCHROME. , 1999, Science.

[77]  Jeffrey C. Hall,et al.  CYCLE Is a Second bHLH-PAS Clock Protein Essential for Circadian Rhythmicity and Transcription of Drosophila period and timeless , 1998, Cell.

[78]  Gregor Eichele,et al.  Nonredundant Roles of the mPer1 and mPer2 Genes in the Mammalian Circadian Clock , 2001, Cell.

[79]  D. P. King,et al.  Role of the CLOCK protein in the mammalian circadian mechanism. , 1998, Science.

[80]  M. W. Young,et al.  Changes in abundance or structure of the per gene product can alter periodicity of the Drosophila clock , 1987, Nature.

[81]  O. Hankinson,et al.  Cloning of a factor required for activity of the Ah (dioxin) receptor. , 1991, Science.

[82]  J. C. Hall,et al.  Interspecific comparison of the period gene of Drosophila reveals large blocks of non‐conserved coding DNA. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[83]  J. Hogenesch,et al.  The basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS orphan MOP3 forms transcriptionally active complexes with circadian and hypoxia factors. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[84]  John B. Hogenesch,et al.  Mop3 Is an Essential Component of the Master Circadian Pacemaker in Mammals , 2000, Cell.

[85]  M. Menaker,et al.  A mutation of the circadian system in golden hamsters. , 1988, Science.