Electronic canal length measurement.

The most important advantage of the electronic method is that it can measure the length of the root canal to the end of the apical foramen, not to the radiographic apex. The most striking disadvantage of the electronic method is that if strong electrolytes are in the root canal, the meter shows a reading that is too high (obtaining a short working length), or sometimes the measurement itself becomes impossible. Recently new electronic devices have been developed. These devices can make an accurate measurement of the root canal length, even if a strong electrolyte is present in the root canal. These new devices allow the dentist to enlarge the apical portion of the canal more precisely than when the radiographic method is used.

[1]  L Tronstad,et al.  Accuracy of an electronic apex locator under controlled clinical conditions. , 1985, Endodontics & dental traumatology.

[2]  V T Himel,et al.  An evaluation of the durability of apex locator insulated probes after autoclaving. , 1993, Journal of endodontics.

[3]  M. Nakamura,et al.  A clinical evaluation of the voltage gradient method of measuring the root canal length. , 1988, Journal of endodontics.

[4]  H. Gerstein,et al.  An initial investigation of the bending and torsional properties of Nitinol root canal files. , 1988, Journal of endodontics.

[5]  A. Kaufman,et al.  Tooth length determination: a review. , 1991, Oral surgery, oral medicine, and oral pathology.

[6]  N Inoue,et al.  An audiometric method for determining the length of root canals. , 1973, Journal of the Canadian Dental Association.

[7]  M Ohashi,et al.  A new method and apparatus for measuring root canal length. , 1986, The Journal of Nihon University School of Dentistry.

[8]  W H Christie,et al.  Clinical observations on a newly designed electronic apex locator. , 1993, Journal.

[9]  P A Rosenberg,et al.  Determination of the accuracy of the Sono-Explorer for establishing endodontic measurement control. , 1976, Journal of endodontics.

[10]  T. Saito,et al.  Electronic determination of root canal length by newly developed measuring device. Influences of the diameter of apical foramen, the size of K-file and the root canal irrigants. , 1990, Dentistry in Japan.

[11]  J. Ushiyama,et al.  New principle and method for measuring the root canal length. , 1983, Journal of endodontics.

[12]  E J Hovland,et al.  An evaluation of the Apex Locator Endocater. , 1990, Journal of endodontics.

[13]  A L Frank,et al.  An in vivo evaluation of Endex electronic apex locator. , 1993, Journal of endodontics.

[14]  R. Olson,et al.  Clinical evaluation of five electronic root canal length measuring instruments. , 1990, Journal of endodontics.

[15]  L. Huang,et al.  Variables affecting electronic root canal measurement. , 1992, International endodontic journal.

[16]  H Suda,et al.  New electronic canal measuring device based on the ratio method. , 1994, Journal of endodontics.

[17]  N Inoue,et al.  A simple and accurate way to measuring root canal length. , 1985, Journal of endodontics.

[18]  L. Huang,et al.  An experimental study of the principle of electronic root canal measurement. , 1987, Journal of endodontics.

[19]  J. Ushiyama Reliability and safety of the voltage gradient method of root canal measurement. , 1984, Journal of endodontics.

[20]  A F Fouad,et al.  An in vitro comparison of five root canal length measuring instruments. , 1989, Journal of endodontics.

[21]  I. Sunada New Method for Measuring the Length of the Root Canal , 1962 .

[22]  K. Pieper,et al.  Use of an electronic apex locator in the treatment of teeth with incomplete root formation. , 1989, Endodontics & dental traumatology.

[23]  E. Rivera,et al.  Accuracy of the Endex with variations in canal irrigants and foramen size. , 1993, Journal of endodontics.

[24]  McDonald Nj,et al.  The electronic determination of working length. , 1992 .

[25]  C. E. Brown,et al.  A clinical evaluation of the Endocater--an electronic apex locator. , 1991, Journal of endodontics.