Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Abstract The first cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) occurred in China in November 2002. The agent causing this illness has been identified as a novel coronavirus, SARS-coronavirus. Since its introduction <1 year ago, this virus has infected 8098 people in 26 countries, killing 774 of them. We present an overview of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of SARS based on the current state of knowledge derived from published studies and our own personal experience.

[1]  Y. Oba The use of corticosteroids in SARS. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[2]  Jian Wang,et al.  [Detection of SARS-CoV RNA in stool samples of SARS patients by nest RT-PCR and its clinical value]. , 2003, Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan xue bao. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae.

[3]  V. Wong,et al.  Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with lopinavir/ritonavir: a multicentre retrospective matched cohort study. , 2003, Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi.

[4]  Elizabeth Rea,et al.  Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 144 patients with SARS in the greater Toronto area. , 2003, JAMA.

[5]  D. Schoenfeld,et al.  Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[6]  L. Poon,et al.  Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia : a prospective study , 2003 .

[7]  Christian Drosten,et al.  Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[8]  O. Tsang,et al.  Coronavirus-positive Nasopharyngeal Aspirate as Predictor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Mortality , 2003, Emerging infectious diseases.

[9]  C. Samuel,et al.  Antiviral Actions of Interferons , 2001, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[10]  J. Sung,et al.  Evaluation of WHO criteria for identifying patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome out of hospital: prospective observational study , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[11]  K. Kain,et al.  Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–associated Coronavirus in Lung Tissue , 2004, Emerging infectious diseases.

[12]  Lu-biao Chen,et al.  Mild Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome , 2003, Emerging infectious diseases.

[13]  C. Fraser,et al.  Epidemiological determinants of spread of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong , 2003, The Lancet.

[14]  P. Hawkey,et al.  Description and clinical treatment of an early outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangzhou, PR China. , 2003, Journal of medical microbiology.

[15]  P. Chan,et al.  Clinical presentations and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome in children , 2003, The Lancet.

[16]  D. Fisher,et al.  Atypical presentations of SARS , 2003, The Lancet.

[17]  Gideon Koren,et al.  Ribavirin in the treatment of SARS: A new trick for an old drug? , 2003, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[18]  K. Yuen,et al.  Development of a standard treatment protocol for severe acute respiratory syndrome , 2003, The Lancet.

[19]  A. Xu,et al.  Profile of specific antibodies to the SARS-associated coronavirus. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[20]  Michael J Fine,et al.  Practice Guidelines for the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults , 2000, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[21]  M. Ballow Mechanisms of action of intravenous immune serum globulin in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. , 1997, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[22]  M. Chan-yeung,et al.  A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[23]  J. Sung,et al.  Haemorrhagic-fever-like changes and normal chest radiograph in a doctor with SARS , 2003, The Lancet.

[24]  R. Maunder,et al.  The immediate psychological and occupational impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital. , 2003, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[25]  C. Fraser,et al.  Transmission Dynamics of the Etiological Agent of SARS in Hong Kong: Impact of Public Health Interventions , 2003, Science.

[26]  Shiou-Hwei Yeh,et al.  Microbiologic Characteristics, Serologic Responses, and Clinical Manifestations in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Taiwan , 2003, Emerging infectious diseases.

[27]  J. Gerberding,et al.  Update: Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome--worldwide, 2003. , 2003, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[28]  M. Radosevich,et al.  Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with convalescent plasma. , 2003, Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi.

[29]  S. Twu,et al.  Update: outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome--worldwide, 2003. , 2003, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[30]  N. Zhong,et al.  SARS: pharmacotherapy , 2003, Respirology.

[31]  Y. Guan,et al.  Early diagnosis of SARS Coronavirus infection by real time RT-PCR , 2003, Journal of Clinical Virology.

[32]  X. L. Liu,et al.  Isolation and Characterization of Viruses Related to the SARS Coronavirus from Animals in Southern China , 2003, Science.

[33]  C. Chu,et al.  SARS: prognosis, outcome and sequelae , 2003, Respirology.

[34]  O. Chay,et al.  Severe acute respiratory syndrome in Singapore , 2004, Archives of Disease in Childhood.

[35]  Hisashi Moriguchi,et al.  Treatment of SARS with human interferons , 2003, The Lancet.

[36]  M. Ofner,et al.  Cluster of severe acute respiratory syndrome cases among protected health care workers-Toronto, April 2003. , 2003, Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada.

[37]  J. Sung,et al.  Human Metapneumovirus Detection in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome , 2003, Emerging infectious diseases.

[38]  J. Peiris,et al.  Effectiveness of precautions against droplets and contact in prevention of nosocomial transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) , 2003, The Lancet.

[39]  W. Lam,et al.  Management of severe acute respiratory syndrome: the Hong Kong University experience. , 2003, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[40]  J. A. Comer,et al.  A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[41]  Y. Guan,et al.  Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome , 2003, The Lancet.

[42]  Yi Guan,et al.  Lung pathology of fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome , 2003, The Lancet.

[43]  Y. Leo,et al.  Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Singapore: Clinical Features of Index Patient and Initial Contacts , 2003, Emerging infectious diseases.

[44]  Anil T Ahuja,et al.  Severe acute respiratory syndrome: radiographic appearances and pattern of progression in 138 patients. , 2003, Radiology.

[45]  Arul Earnest,et al.  Acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. , 2003, JAMA.

[46]  Donald E. Low,et al.  Possible SARS Coronavirus Transmission during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , 2004, Emerging infectious diseases.

[47]  J. Peiris,et al.  Newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome , 2003, The Lancet.

[48]  E. Galanis,et al.  Investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Toronto, Canada. , 2003, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[49]  J. Sung,et al.  Thin-section CT of severe acute respiratory syndrome: evaluation of 73 patients exposed to or with the disease. , 2003, Radiology.

[50]  M. Chan-yeung,et al.  High-dose pulse versus nonpulse corticosteroid regimens in severe acute respiratory syndrome. , 2003, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[51]  Peter Cameron,et al.  A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[52]  Arthur S Slutsky,et al.  Critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. , 2003, JAMA.

[53]  Arthur S Slutsky,et al.  Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[54]  Xin Li,et al.  Fatal aspergillosis in a patient with SARS who was treated with corticosteroids. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[55]  J. Robins,et al.  Transmission Dynamics and Control of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome , 2003, Science.