Noninvasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis

INTRODUCTION TO NON-INVASIVE MEASUREMENT Definition of Non-Invasive Measurement, Minimally Invasive Measurements Modalities of NI Instrumentation VISUAL INSPECTION OF TISSUES WITH ENDOSCOPES AND OTHER OPTICAL DEVICES Ophthalmoscopes, Slit Lamps, and Otoscopes Endoscopes CCD Cameras Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Skin Lesions NON-INVASIVE DIAGNOSIS USING SOUNDS FROM WITHIN THE BODY Means of Analysis for Acoustic Signals Heart Sounds Breath Sounds Otoacoustic Emissions MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS FROM THE BODY SURFACE Electrodes Biopotential Amplifiers The ECG The Electomyogram (EMG) The Electroencephalogram (EEG) OTHER BODY SURFACE POTENTIALS The Electroculogram (EOG) The Electroretinogram (ERG) The Electrocochleogram (EcoG) Discussion THE MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAM (MEG) The SQUID and SQUID Arrays Other BioMagnetic Measurements NON-INVASIVE MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD PRESSURE The Cuff Sphygmomanometer Other Means of Estimating Blood Pressure Non-Invasively BODY TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS Conductive Heat Transfer and Thermometer Response Time The LIT Blackbody Thermometer NON-INVASIVE BLOOD GAS SENSING WITH ELECTRODES Transcutaneous O2 Sensing Transcutaneous CO2 Sensing TESTS ON NATURALLY-VOIDED BODY FLUIDS Instrumental Methods What Can Be Learned from Urine What Can Be Learned from Feces What Can Be Learned from Saliva What Can Be Learned from the Breath PLETHYSMOGRAPH Volume Displacement Plethysmography Impedance Plethysmography Photo-Plethysmography PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS Spirometers and Related Equipment Tests with Spirometers MEASUREMENT OF BASAL METABOLISM The BMR Test Procedures OCULAR TONOMETRY The No-Touch, Air Puff Tonometer Contact Tonometers NI TESTS INVOLVING THE INPUT OF AUDIBLE SOUND ENERGY Zac Measurements of the Respiratory System (RAIMS) Zac Measurements of the Eardrum (Tympanometry) Trans-Thoracic Acoustic Transfer Function: a Possible Measure of Lung Condition NI TESTS USING ULTRASOUND (Excluding Imaging) The Doppler Effect Reflected Doppler Ultrasound for Blood and Tissue Velocity Measurements A No Touch Ocular Pulse Measurement System (NOTOPM) The Constant-Phase, Closed-Loop, Type-1, Ranging System Measurement of Tissue Glucose Concentration by Closed-Loop, Constant-Phase, CW Ultrasound (A Prototype System) NI APPLICATIONS OF PHOTON RADIATION (EXCLUDING IMAGING) Bone Densitometry Non-Invasive Diagnosis by Tissue Fluorescence Optical Interferometric Measurement of Nanometer Displacements of Biological Surfaces Laser Doppler Velocimetry Transcutaneous IR Spectroscopy Estimation of Blood Glucose for NI Measurement of Optical Rotation of the Aqueous Humor: A Prototype Instrument Pulse Oximetry Non-Invasive Measurement of Certain Biomolecules by Raman Spectroscopy A SURVEY OF MEDICAL IMAGING SYSTEMS X-Rays Tomography Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Ultrasound Imaging Other Imaging Modalities FUTURE TRENDS IN NI MEASUREMENTS AND DIAGNOSIS NI Chemical Tests for Cancer not Involving DNA Fluorescence Tests for Biomolecules: FISH and SKY The SpectraCube(R) System The DNA Microarray BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES Each section also includes an introduction and a chapter summary.