Energy absorbing characteristics of circular frustra

This paper reports on the results of a series of investigations into the crush of circular frustra under axial and off-axis loads. Frustra were fabricated using carbon, E-glass, and hybrid carbon/E-glass reinforcements with a vinylester matrix using the resin transfer molding process. Off-axis loading was at intervals of 5 degrees upto 35 degrees. The paper describes differences in crush mechanisms and energy absorbing characteristics based on frustra geometry, angle of loading and type of material. It is shown that the use of hybrid architectures can lead to attainment of designed crush sequences with good levels of energy absorption.