Occupant responsive optimal control of smart façade systems

Occupant responsive optimal control is developed for so called smart facade systems. The control optimizes the performance of the system by rotating a motorized louver slat in the cavity and ventilation dampers at the top and bottom of exterior and interior glazing. One prominent feature of the system is the capability of dynamically reacting to the environmental input data through real-time optimization in terms of energy, visual comfort and thermal comfort. Users interaction with the system is Web enabled. Current state variables, weather data and energy flows are posted on a web page and an occupant with given privileges can choose the preferred operation mode or override the devices (louvers, ventilation inlet/outlet).

[1]  APPLICATION OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPUTER SIMULATION AND VISUALIZATION IN ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING RESEARCH , 2001 .

[2]  Shuichi Hokoi,et al.  An analysis of stochastic properties of the heating load in an intermittently air-conditioned building by optimal control theory , 1991 .

[3]  Arthur E. Bryson,et al.  Dynamic Optimization , 1998 .

[4]  Christoph F. Reinhart,et al.  The simulation of annual daylight illuminance distributions — a state-of-the-art comparison of six RADIANCE-based methods , 2000 .

[5]  Robert F. Stengel,et al.  Optimal Control and Estimation , 1994 .

[6]  Robert Clear,et al.  Office Worker Response to an Automated Venetian Blind and Electric Lighting System: A Pilot Study , 1998 .

[7]  R. G. Hopkinson,et al.  Glare from daylighting in buildings. , 1972, Applied ergonomics.

[8]  W. Elenbaas Heat dissipation of parallel plates by free convection , 1942 .

[9]  J. W. Mitchell,et al.  OPTIMAL CONTROL FOR CENTRAL COOLING PLANTS , .

[10]  Arthur E. Bryson,et al.  Applied Optimal Control , 1969 .

[11]  M. Velds,et al.  Assessment of lighting quality in office rooms with daylighting systems , 2000 .

[12]  H. Ripatti,et al.  Airflow window system ― making fenestration the solution rather than the problem in energy use , 1984 .

[13]  W. Beckman,et al.  Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes , 1985 .

[14]  Shengwei Wang,et al.  Model-based optimal control of VAV air-conditioning system using genetic algorithm , 2000 .

[15]  Paul Berdahl,et al.  Emissivity of clear skies , 1984 .

[16]  K. Schittkowski NLPQL: A fortran subroutine solving constrained nonlinear programming problems , 1986 .

[17]  Evyatar Erell,et al.  Controlling the transmission of radiant energy through windows: a novel ventilated reversible glazing system , 2000 .

[18]  S. Rheault,et al.  Heat transfer analysis in an automated venetian blind window system , 1989 .

[19]  Y. Zvirin,et al.  Experimental and Analytical Investigation of a Natural Circulation System with Parallel Loops , 1981 .

[20]  S. Churchill,et al.  Correlating equations for laminar and turbulent free convection from a vertical plate , 1975 .

[21]  K. Terpager Andersen,et al.  Theoretical considerations on natural ventilation by thermal buoyancy , 1995 .

[22]  Jlm Jan Hensen,et al.  On the thermal interaction of building structure and heating and ventilating system , 1991 .

[23]  Godfried Augenbroe,et al.  Analysis of uncertainty in building design evaluations and its implications , 2002 .

[24]  D. Loveday,et al.  Convective heat transfer coefficients at a plane surface on a full-scale building facade , 1996 .

[25]  Ashley F. Emery,et al.  Free Convection Through Vertical Plane Layers—Moderate and High Prandtl Number Fluids , 1969 .

[26]  J. Jones,et al.  A conceptual framework for dynamic control of daylighting and electric lighting systems , 1993, Conference Record of the 1993 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Twenty-Eighth IAS Annual Meeting.

[27]  D. G. Colliver,et al.  Influence of temperature stratification on pressure differences resulting from the infiltration stack effect , 1989 .

[28]  Claude L. Robbins,et al.  Daylighting: Design and Analysis , 1986 .

[29]  R. H. Marshall,et al.  Validation of heat transfer coefficients on interior building surfaces using a real-sized indoor test cell , 1990 .

[30]  H. W. King,et al.  Handbook of Hydraulics for the Solution of Hydraulic Engineering Problems , 1976 .

[31]  Joseph Andrew Clarke,et al.  Energy Simulation in Building Design , 1985 .

[32]  John Reynolds,et al.  Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings , 1971 .

[33]  Jlm Jan Hensen,et al.  Modeling and simulation of a double-skin façade system , 2002 .

[34]  Frank L. Lewis,et al.  Optimal Control , 1986 .

[35]  Moncef Krarti,et al.  Building Energy Use Prediction and System Identification Using Recurrent Neural Networks , 1995 .

[36]  M. Zaheer-Uddin Optimal control of a single zone environmental space , 1992 .

[37]  Jun Tanimoto,et al.  Simulation study on an air flow window system with an integrated roll screen , 1997 .

[38]  Christoph F. Reinhart,et al.  Validation of dynamic RADIANCE-based daylight simulations for a test office with external blinds , 2001 .

[39]  Ahc van Paassen,et al.  Development of simplified tools for evaluation energy performance of double facades , 2000 .

[40]  M. Zaheer-Uddin,et al.  Optimal, sub-optimal and adaptive control methods for the design of temperature controllers for intelligent buildings , 1993 .

[41]  K. H. Haddad,et al.  Comparison of the monthly thermal performance of a conventional window and a supply-air window , 1998 .

[42]  H. Awbi,et al.  Natural convection from heated room surfaces , 1999 .

[43]  T. Coleman,et al.  On the Convergence of Reflective Newton Methods for Large-scale Nonlinear Minimization Subject to Bounds , 1992 .

[44]  Refrigerating ASHRAE handbook of fundamentals , 1967 .

[45]  S. J. M. Linthorst Natural convection suppression in solar collectors , 1985 .

[46]  M J Ren PREDICTIVE OPTIMAL CONTROL OF FABRIC THERMAL STORAGE SYSTEMS , .

[47]  Weiping Li,et al.  Applied Nonlinear Control , 1991 .

[48]  H. Tabor,et al.  Radiation, convection and conduction coefficients in solar collectors , 1958 .

[49]  Konstantinos Papamichael,et al.  A method for simulating the performance of photosensor-based lighting controls , 2002 .

[50]  N. Ito,et al.  Field experiment study on the convective heat transfer coefficient on exterior surface of a building , 1972 .

[51]  R. Tibshirani,et al.  An introduction to the bootstrap , 1993 .

[52]  Steve Sharples,et al.  Full-scale measurements of convective energy losses from exterior building surfaces , 1984 .

[53]  Max H. Sherman Superposition in Infiltration Modeling , 1992 .

[54]  D. Ramírez,et al.  ANALYSIS OF UNCERTAINTY , 1998 .

[55]  H. Muller Exhaust air ventilated windows in office buildings , 1983 .

[56]  John L. Wright,et al.  Effective U-values and Shading Coefficients of Preheat/Supply Air Glazing Systems , 1986 .

[57]  S. Rheault,et al.  Experimental study of full-size automated venetian blind windows , 1990 .

[58]  S. Chandra,et al.  Correlations for pressure distribution on buildings and calculation of natural-ventilation airflow , 1988 .

[59]  Dirk Saelens,et al.  Energy performance assessment of single storey multiple-skin facades , 2002 .

[60]  Refrigerating ASHRAE handbook and product directory /published by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc , 1977 .

[61]  K. H. Haddad,et al.  Comparison of the thermal performance of an exhaust-air window and a supply-air window , 1999 .

[62]  Thomas F. Coleman,et al.  An Interior Trust Region Approach for Nonlinear Minimization Subject to Bounds , 1993, SIAM J. Optim..

[63]  Aldo Fanchiotti,et al.  Daylighting In Commercial Buildings: The Use Of New Components And Design Solutions to Optimize Visual Comfort and Energy Efficiency , 2001 .

[64]  Tingyao Chen,et al.  A methodology for thermal analysis and predictive control of building envelope heating systems , 1997 .

[65]  Greg R. Luecke,et al.  Design, development, and testing of an automated window shade controller , 1995 .

[66]  Stephen Selkowitz,et al.  The design and evaluation of integrated envelope and lighting control strategies for commercial buildings , 1995 .

[67]  R. Dogniaux,et al.  Glare from windows: current views of the problem , 1982 .

[68]  T. Unny,et al.  Free convective heat transfer across inclined air layers , 1976 .

[69]  I. Catton,et al.  NATURAL CONVECTION IN ENCLOSURES , 1978 .

[70]  P. Pfrommer,et al.  Solar radiation transport through slat-type blinds: a new model and its application for thermal simulation of buildings , 1996 .

[71]  Godfried Augenbroe,et al.  Trends in building simulation , 2002 .

[72]  J. F. Nicol Radiation transmission characteristics of Louver systems , 1966 .

[73]  P. Robinson,et al.  Thermal performance assessment of an advanced glazing system , 1993 .

[74]  M. Sivrioglu,et al.  An experimental study on air window collector having a vertical blind for active solar heating , 1996 .

[75]  M. Zaheer-Uddin,et al.  The effect of slat angle of windows with venetian blinds on heating and cooling loads of buildings in South Korea , 1995 .

[76]  Francis Rubinstein,et al.  Developing a Dynamic Envelope/Lighting Control System with Field Measurements , 1996 .

[77]  T. Talmatamar,et al.  Analysis of solar radiation for sunlit glass shaded by vertical adjustable flat slats , 1995 .

[78]  J. Rosenfeld,et al.  Optical and thermal performance of glazing with integral venetian blinds , 2001 .

[79]  E. Bilgen,et al.  Experimental study of thermal performance of automated venetian blind window systems , 1994 .