The effects of protective clothing and its properties on energy consumption during different activities: equipment and methodology

This chapter introduces the experimental research methods used to investigate the issues in the thesis. It introduces the selection of the clothing and work modes used and methods for measuring energy consumption and subjective responses. It also describes the experimental protocol and procedures. Finally a pilot study is described in detail.

[1]  A Duggan,et al.  Energy cost of stepping in protective clothing ensembles. , 1988, Ergonomics.

[2]  J. Ajayi.  Effects of Fabric Structure on Frictional Properties , 1992 .

[3]  Limitations to heavy work at 21 degrees C of personnel wearing the U.S. military chemical defense ensemble. , 1991, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[4]  A Duggan,et al.  Prediction of the metabolic cost of walking with and without loads. , 1992, Ergonomics.

[5]  F. T. P. B.Sc..  26—THE “HANDLE” OF CLOTH AS A MEASURABLE QUANTITY , 1930 .

[6]  K. Wadell,et al.  Validation of the MetaMax II portable metabolic measurement system. , 2004, International journal of sports medicine.

[7]  R W Norman,et al.  Metabolic measures to ascertain the optimal load to be carried by man. , 1981, Ergonomics.

[8]  H Heck,et al.  The Validity of the Telemetric System CORTEX X1 in the Ventilatory and Gas Exchange Measurement during Exercise , 1997, International journal of sports medicine.

[9]  Roshan L. Shishoo,et al.  Recent developments in materials for use in protective clothing , 2002 .

[10]  R. L. Attwells,et al.  Influence of carrying heavy loads on soldiers' posture, movements and gait , 2006, Ergonomics.

[11]  W. Monroe Keyserling,et al.  A Model for Protective Clothing Effects on Performance , 1994 .

[12]  R. Brand,et al.  The biomechanics and motor control of human gait: Normal, elderly, and pathological , 1992 .

[13]  John Frim,et al.  Physiological responses to fire fighting activities , 2004, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[14]  Rosa Vasconcelos,et al.  Frictorq, accessing fabric friction with a novel fabric surface tester , 2005 .

[15]  Carolyn K Bensel,et al.  The Effects of US Army Chemical Protective Clothing on Speech Intelligibility, Visual Field, Body Mobility and Psychomotor Coordination of Men , 1987 .

[16]  R. F. Goldman,et al.  Predicting metabolic energy cost. , 1971, Journal of applied physiology.

[17]  Paul S. Ray,et al.  A review of the ergonomics of work in the US military chemical protective clothing , 1995 .

[18]  R. Hagan,et al.  Physiological responses during shipboard firefighting. , 1995, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[19]  C F CONSOLAZIO,et al.  Environmental temperature and energy expenditures. , 1963, Journal of applied physiology.

[20]  S. R. Datta,et al.  Ergonomic comparison of seven modes of carrying loads on the horizontal plane. , 1971, Ergonomics.

[21]  Ingvar Holmér,et al.  Manikin measurements versus wear trials of cold protective clothing (Subzero project) , 2004, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[22]  M. Holewijn.  Physiological strain due to load carrying , 2004, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[23]  R F GOLDMAN.  Tolerance time for work in the heat when wearing CBR protective clothing. , 1963, Military medicine.

[24]  J. Patton,et al.  Energy cost of physical task performance in men and women wearing chemical protective clothing. , 2001, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[25]  R. F. Goldman,et al.  Energy cost of "hard work". , 1970, Journal of applied physiology.

[26]  David A. Winter,et al.  Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement , 1990 .

[27]  J Huck,et al.  Protective clothing systems: A technique for evaluating restriction of wearer mobility. , 1988, Applied ergonomics.

[28]  T K Hodous,et al.  Effects of thermal environment and chemical protective clothing on work tolerance, physiological responses, and subjective ratings. , 1991, Ergonomics.

[29]  Nunneley Sa,et al.  Heat stress in protective clothing. Interactions among physical and physiological factors. , 1989 .

[30]  G Havenith,et al.  Heat balance when wearing protective clothing. , 1999, The Annals of occupational hygiene.

[31]  Claire E Millard.  THERMOREGULATION OF ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLE CREW IN HOT CLIMATES , 1994 .

[32]  T. Meyer,et al.  Reliability of Gas Exchange Measurements from Two Different Spiroergometry Systems , 2001, International journal of sports medicine.

[33]  Ann P. Woodhull-McNeal,et al.  Postural adjustments while standing with two types of loaded backpack , 1987 .

[34]  B. Sköldström,et al.  Physiological responses of fire fighters to workload and thermal stress. , 1987, Ergonomics.

[35]  S J Legg,et al.  Comparison of five modes of carrying a load close to the trunk. , 1985, Ergonomics.

[36]  W. Saris,et al.  Measurement of resting energy expenditure in a clinical setting. , 1990, Clinical nutrition.

[37]  Yehia E. El Mogahzy,et al.  Friction in Fibrous Materials , 1993 .

[38]  Amy F. Polcyn,et al.  Biomechanical Analyses of Body Movement and Locomotion as Affected by Clothing and Footwear for Cold Weather Climates , 2005 .

[39]  G W Crockford.  Protective clothing and heat stress: introduction. , 1999, The Annals of occupational hygiene.

[40]  M F Haisman,et al.  Determinants of load carrying ability. , 1988, Applied ergonomics.

[41]  J. Knapik,et al.  Load carriage using packs: a review of physiological, biomechanical and medical aspects. , 1996, Applied ergonomics.

[42]  J A Dempsey,et al.  Effects of metabolic hyperthermia on performance during heavy prolonged exercise. , 1974, Journal of applied physiology.

[43]  Apurba Das,et al.  A STUDY ON FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WOVEN FABRICS , 2005 .

[44]  Randi Eidsmo Reinertsen,et al.  Effects of wearing aircrew protective clothing on physiological and cognitive responses under various ambient conditions. , 2003, Ergonomics.

[45]  J. Baker,et al.  Cardiorespiratory and thermoregulatory response of working in fire-fighter protective clothing in a temperate environment , 2000, Ergonomics.

[46]  R. C. Nelson,et al.  The effect of carried loads on the walking patterns of men and women. , 1986, Ergonomics.

[47]  R Henane,et al.  Thermal strain resulting from protective clothing of an armored vehicle crew in warm conditions. , 1979, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[48]  R. Chattopadhyay,et al.  The Frictional Behaviour of Ring-, Rotor-, and Friction-spun Yarn , 1996 .

[49]  N Williams.  Working in a hot environment. , 1993, Occupational health; a journal for occupational health nurses.

[50]  A thermal assessment of army wet weather jackets , 2000 .

[51]  D L Smith,et al.  Selected physiological and psychological responses to live-fire drills in different configurations of firefighting gear. , 1998, Ergonomics.

[52]  McLellan Tm.  Heat strain while wearing the current Canadian or a new hot-weather French NBC protective clothing ensemble. , 1996 .

[53]  J. Stolwijk,et al.  Skin Friction and Fabric Sensations in Neutral and Warm Environments , 1986 .

[54]  R F Goldman,et al.  Increased energy cost with multiple clothing layers. , 1972, Journal of applied physiology.

[55]  Roger L. Barker,et al.  From fabric hand to thermal comfort: the evolving role of objective measurements in explaining human comfort response to textiles , 2002 .

[56]  H L Taylor,et al.  The effects of wearing protective chemical warfare combat clothing on human performance. , 1993, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[57]  T. Bernard,et al.  WBGT Clothing Adjustments for Four Clothing Ensembles Under Three Relative Humidity Levels , 2005, Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene.

[58]  D. Winter.  Kinematic and kinetic patterns in human gait: Variability and compensating effects , 1984 .

[59]  B E Ainsworth,et al.  Validation of the COSMED K4 b2 Portable Metabolic System , 2001, International journal of sports medicine.

[60]  Thomas E. Bernard,et al.  Evaporative resistance and sustainable work under heat stress conditions for two cloth anticontamination ensembles , 1999 .

[61]  Asker E. Jeukendrup,et al.  Validity and reliability of three commercially available breath-by-breath respiratory systems , 2002, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[62]  S. Legg,et al.  Energy cost of backpacking in heavy boots. , 1986, Ergonomics.

[63]  F Ftaiti,et al.  Tympanic temperature and heart rate changes in firefighters during treadmill runs performed with different fireproof jackets , 2001, Ergonomics.

[64]  R. F. Goldman,et al.  Predicting energy expenditure with loads while standing or walking very slowly. , 1977, Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology.

[65]  T M McLellan,et al.  Heat stress while wearing long pants or shorts under firefighting protective clothing , 2004, Ergonomics.

[66]  S. Rissanen,et al.  Thermal responses and physiological strain in men wearing impermeable and semipermeable protective clothing in the cold. , 1997, Ergonomics.

[67]  Y. Tochihara,et al.  Physiological strains in hot-humid conditions while wearing disposable protective clothing commonly used by the asbestos removal industry. , 1993, Ergonomics.

[68]  Ingvar Holmér,et al.  Personal factors in thermal comfort assessment: clothing properties and metabolic heat production , 2002 .

[69]  T K Hodous,et al.  Work tolerance and subjective responses to wearing protective clothing and respirators during physical work. , 1989, Ergonomics.

[70]  K Francis,et al.  Changes in oxygen consumption associated with treadmill walking and running with light hand-carried weights. , 1986, Ergonomics.

[71]  J. M. Mckay,et al.  Physiological tolerance to uncompensable heat stress: effects of exercise intensity, protective clothing, and climate. , 1994, Journal of applied physiology.

[72]  George Havenith,et al.  A test battery related to ergonomics of protective clothing. , 2004, Applied ergonomics.

[73]  Barbara Griefahn,et al.  Maximal physical work performance with European standard based fire-protective clothing system and equipment in relation to individual characteristics , 2004, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[74]  A. Prentice,et al.  Techniques for the measurement of human energy expenditure: a practical guide. , 1993, International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[75]  George Havenith,et al.  Calculation of clothing insulation and vapour resistance , 1991 .

[76]  J. Ajayi,et al.  Fabric Smoothness, Friction, and Handle , 1992 .

[77]  René Rossi,et al.  Fire fighting and its influence on the body , 2003, Ergonomics.

[78]  S. Hall,et al.  Effects of extremity loading upon energy expenditure and running mechanics. , 1988, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[79]  C Peel,et al.  Oxygen consumption using the K2 telemetry system and a metabolic cart. , 1993, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[80]  Younghee Kim,et al.  Protective overalls: evaluation of garment design and fit , 1997 .

[81]  Paul Fiolkowski,et al.  Changes in gait kinematics and posture with the use of a front pack , 2006, Ergonomics.

[82]  J Faff,et al.  Physiological responses to working with fire fighting equipment in the heat in relation to subjective fatigue. , 1989, Ergonomics.

[83]  J. Wilmore,et al.  Physiology of Sport and Exercise , 1995 .

[84]  R G Soule,et al.  Energy cost of loads carried on the head, hands, or feet. , 1969, Journal of applied physiology.

[85]  R. Davison,et al.  Ambulatory Gas Exchange Measurements - Current Status and Future Options , 2004, International journal of sports medicine.

[86]  Ken Parsons.  International standards for the assessment of the risk of thermal strain on clothed workers in hot environments. , 1999 .

[87]  C. Hausswirth,et al.  The Cosmed K4 Telemetry System as an Accurate Device for Oxygen Uptake Measurements during Exercise , 1997, International journal of sports medicine.

[88]  D. Wilson.  15—A STUDY OF FABRIC-ON-FABRIC DYNAMIC FRICTION , 1963 .

[89]  M N Sawka,et al.  Physiological problems associated with wearing NBC protective clothing during cold weather. , 2000, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[90]  D J Macfarlane,et al.  Automated Metabolic Gas Analysis Systems , 2001, Sports medicine.

[91]  Yasuo Kawakami,et al.  Reliability of measurement of oxygen uptake by a portable telemetric system , 1992, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[92]  H. Kuipers,et al.  Validation of a Computerized Metabolic Measurement System (Oxycon-Pro®) During Low and High Intensity Exercise1 , 2001, International journal of sports medicine.

[93]  S. Cheung,et al.  Effects of metabolic rate and ambient vapour pressure on heat strain in protective clothing , 2006, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[94]  P. Kenins,et al.  Influence of Fiber Type and Moisture on Measured Fabric-to-Skin Friction , 1994 .

[95]  J F Patton,et al.  Energy cost of wearing chemical protective clothing during progressive treadmill walking. , 1995, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[96]  George Havenith,et al.  The effects of protective clothing on metabolic rate , 2005 .

[97]  H. W. Duncan,et al.  Physiological responses of men working in fire fighting equipment in the heat. , 1979 .

[98]  K Roecker,et al.  Gas exchange measurements with high temporal resolution: the breath-by-breath approach. , 2005, International journal of sports medicine.

[99]  Phillip A. Bishop,et al.  Climate under impermeable protective clothing , 2000 .

[100]  George Havenith,et al.  Clothing ventilation, vapour resistance and permeability index: changes dus to posture, movement and wind , 1990 .

[101]  Yi Li,et al.  THE SCIENCE OF CLOTHING COMFORT , 2001 .

[102]  W M Keyserling,et al.  The effect of size and fabric weight of protective coveralls on range of gross body motions. , 1995, American Industrial Hygiene Association journal.

[103]  G. M. Budd.  How do wildland firefighters cope? Physiological and behavioural temperature regulation in men suppressing Australian summer bushfires with hand tools , 2001 .

[104]  J F Sallis,et al.  Compendium of physical activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities. , 1993, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[105]  W L Daniels,et al.  The energy cost and heart-rate response of trained and untrained subjects walking and running in shoes and boots. , 1984, Ergonomics.

[106]  M. Sawka,et al.  Heat strain imposed by toxic agent protective systems. , 2001, Aviation, space, and environmental medicine.

[107]  K. Westerterp,et al.  Intra-individual variation of basal metabolic rate and the influence of daily habitual physical activity before testing , 2003, British Journal of Nutrition.

[108]  J Huck,et al.  Restriction to movement in fire-fighter protective clothing: evaluation of alternative sleeves and liners. , 1991, Applied ergonomics.

[109]  H. Kinoshita,et al.  Effects of different loads and carrying systems on selected biomechanical parameters describing walking gait. , 1985, Ergonomics.

[110]  S. Montain,et al.  The effect of hand-held weights on the physiological responses to walking exercise. , 1987, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[111]  M. Pollock,et al.  Physiological responses to walking with hand weights, wrist weights, and ankle weights. , 1988, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[112]  Patricia I Dolez,et al.  Evaluation of the Flexibility of Protective Gloves , 2008, International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics : JOSE.

[113]  W. Withey,et al.  THE EFFECTS OF HEAT ACCLIMATION ON THE HEAT STRAIN OF WORKING IN PROTECTIVE CLOTHING , 1994 .

[114]  W. Monroe Keyserling,et al.  Three methods for measuring range of motion while wearing protective clothing: A comparative study , 1993 .

[115]  K. Sołtyński,et al.  Physiological strain of wearing aluminized protective clothing at rest in young, middle-aged, and older men , 2000 .

[116]  A. Prentice,et al.  Intra-individual variability and measurement noise in estimates of energy expenditure by whole body indirect calorimetry , 1987, British Journal of Nutrition.

[117]  C O Dotson,et al.  Relationship between simulated fire fighting tasks and physical performance measures. , 1982, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[118]  Ingvar Holmér,et al.  Thermoregulatory responses of firemen to exercise in the heat , 2006, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[119]  R. F. Goldman.  Physiological costs of body armor. , 1969, Military medicine.

[120]  Frank I. Katch,et al.  Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance , 2006 .

[121]  D L Smith,et al.  The effects of different thermal environments on the physiological and psychological responses of firefighters to a training drill. , 1997, Ergonomics.

[122]  Ingvar Holmér,et al.  HEATED MANIKINS AS A TOOL FOR EVALUATING CLOTHING , 1995 .

[123]  G. H. Thorndike,et al.  MEASUREMENT OF THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION BETWEEN SAMPLES OF THE SAME CLOTH , 1961 .

[124]  R. Robertson,et al.  Aerobic Requirements for Moving Handweights Through Various Ranges of Motion While Walking. , 1987, The Physician and sportsmedicine.

[125]  G. Gaesser,et al.  Assessment of the aerosport TEEM 100 portable metabolic measurement system. , 1996, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[126]  K C Parsons,et al.  Protective clothing: heat exchange and physiological objectives. , 1988, Ergonomics.

[127]  R. F. Goldman,et al.  Energy cost of load carriage. , 1962, Journal of applied physiology.

[128]  M. Hanson,et al.  Development of a draft British standard: the assessment of heat strain for workers wearing personal protective equipment. , 1999, The Annals of occupational hygiene.

[129]  Sarah A Nunneley.  Design and Evaluation of Clothing for Protection from Heat Stress: An Overview , 1986 .

[130]  J. Oksa,et al.  Changes in maximal cardiorespiratory capacity and submaximal strain while exercising in cold , 2004 .