Use of bacteriolytic enzymes in determination of wall structure and their role in cell metabolism.

INTRODUCTION............................................................... 426 Lysozyme and Penicillin...................................................... 426 Peptidoglycan in Gram-Positive Bacteria........................................ 426 Peptidoglycan in Gram-Negative Bacteria....................................... 427 Properties of Protoplasts and Spheroplasts...................................... 427 Summation................................................................ 428 GENERAL STRucTURE OF THE BACTERLAL PEPTIDOGLYCAN NETWORK................ 428 Glycan Strands.............................................................. 428 Peptide Subunits .............. .............................................. 428 Cross-linking Bridges ........................................................ 429 ENZYMES THAT DEGRADE BACTERIAL PEProDGLycANs: NATURE OF THE HYDROLYZED LINKAGES ................................................................ 430 Endo-N-Acetylmuramidases................................................... 430 Endo-N-acetylglucosaminidases................................................ 432 Streptomyces N-AcetylmuraMyl-L-Alanine Amidase.............................. 432 Streptomyces KM Endopeptidase.............................................. 432 Streptomyces SA Endopeptidase.............................................. 433 Streptomyces ML Endopeptidase.............................................. 433 Myxobacter AL I Protease................................................... 433 Streptomyces MR Endopeptidase and Lysostaphin Endopeptidase................... 433 Peptidase Preparations with Mixed Activities.................................... 433 Summation................................................................. 434 STRUCTURE OF SEVERAL BACTERIAL PEPTIDoGLycANs AS REVEALED BY ENZYMATIC DEGRADATIONS: GLYCAN MOIETY........................................... 434 Staphylococcus aureus........................................................ 434 Micrococcus lysodeikticus .............. ...................................... 436 Other Bacterial Peptidoglycans................................................ 436 Molecular Size of the Glycan Moiety.......................................... 437 Base-Catalyzed Lactyl Elimination from N-Acetylmuramic Acid.................... 437 STRuCTuRE OF SEVERAL BACTERIAL PEPTIDOGLYCANS AS REVEALED BY ENZYMATIC DEGRADATIONS: PEPTIDE Mownr ............................................ 437 Peptidoglycans of Type I....................... 437 Characterization of the NH2-(i)-meso-DAP in the link to glutamic acid........... 438 Characterization ofthe -y-carboxyl group ofglutamic acid in the link to NH2-(L)-mesoDAP................................................................ 439 Characterization of the link meso-DAP-(L)-(D)-Ala............ ............... 439 Characterization of the i-Ala-(D)-meso-DAP cross-linkages between peptide subunits................................................................ 439 Peptidoglycans of Type II with Peptide Bridges of Glycine or L-Amino Acid Residues, or Both ... ........................................................... 440 Peptidoglycans of Type II with a D-Isoasparaginyl Bridge......................... 442 Peptidoglycans of Type III................................................... 444 Peptidoglycans of Type IV.................................................... 446 Molecular Size of the Peptide Moieties......................................... 446 PPTIDOGLYCAN AS A TAXONOMIC CHARACTER................................... 447 Gram-Negative Bacteria...................................................... 447 Actinomycetes.............................................................. 447 Gram-Positive Eubacteria .............. ...................................... 447 UNIFIED VIEW OF THE BACTERLAL PEPTDoGLycANs............................... 448 LYTIC ENZYMES AS A MEANS FOR THE STUDY OF THE LINK BETWEEN THE PEPTDOGLYCAN AND OTHER COMPONENTS IN WALLS OF GRAM-POSriTVE BACTERIA................ 452 Micrococcus lysodeikticus.................................................... 453 Streptococcus pyogenes...................................................... 453

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