A simple rate-equation-based thermal VCSEL model

Motivated by the potentially large number of devices and simulations involved in optoelectronic system design, and the associated need for compact optoelectronic device models, we present a simple thermal model of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) light-current (LI) characteristics based on the laser rate equations and a thermal offset current. The model was implemented in conventional SPICE-like circuit simulators, including HSPICE, and used to simulate key features of VCSEL LI curves, namely, thermally dependent threshold current and output-power roll-over for a range of ambient temperatures. The use of the rate equations also allows simulation in other non-dc operating regimes. Our results compare favorably to experimental data from three devices reported in the literature.

[1]  Kenichi Iga,et al.  Surface emitting semiconductor lasers , 1988 .

[2]  D.M. Byrne,et al.  A laser diode model based on temperature dependent rate equations , 1989, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[3]  J. P. Harbison,et al.  Dynamic, polarization, and transverse mode characteristics of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers , 1991 .

[4]  N. Dutta,et al.  Performance of gain-guided surface emitting lasers with semiconductor distributed Bragg reflectors , 1991 .

[5]  N. Dutta,et al.  Semiconductor Lasers , 1993 .

[6]  Larry A. Coldren,et al.  Modeling temperature effects and spatial hole burning to optimize vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser performance , 1993 .

[7]  R. Michalzik,et al.  Modeling and design of proton-implanted ultralow-threshold vertical-cavity laser diodes , 1993 .

[8]  Marek Osiński,et al.  THERMAL EFFECTS IN VERTICAL-CAVITY SURFACE-EMITTING LASERS , 1994 .

[9]  H. Wenzel,et al.  Modeling thermal effects on the light vs. current characteristic of gain-guided vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers , 1994, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[10]  Jian L. Zhou,et al.  User's Guide for CFSQP Version 2.0: A C Code for Solving (Large Scale) Constrained Nonlinear (Minimax) Optimization Problems, Generating Iterates Satisfying All Inequality Constraints , 1994 .

[11]  Marek Osinski,et al.  Self-consistent thermal-electrical modeling of proton-implanted top-surface emitting semiconductor lasers , 1994, Photonics West - Lasers and Applications in Science and Engineering.

[12]  K. A. Shore,et al.  Spatial holeburning effects on the dynamics of vertical cavity surface-emitting laser diodes , 1995 .

[13]  K. A. Shore,et al.  Secondary pulsations driven by spatial hole burning in modulated vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes , 1995 .

[14]  F. Chatenoud,et al.  Modeling of quantum-well lasers with electro-opto-thermal interaction , 1995 .

[15]  Kent D. Choquette,et al.  Comprehensive numerical modeling of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers , 1996 .

[16]  T. Wipiejewski,et al.  Size-dependent output power saturation of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes , 1996, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[17]  Yikai Su,et al.  Circuit model for studying temperature effects on vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser , 1996, Conference Proceedings LEOS'96 9th Annual Meeting IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society.

[18]  T. Kurokawa,et al.  Flip-chip bonded 0.85-μm bottom-emitting vertical-cavity laser array on an AlGaAs substrate , 1996, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[19]  Sung-Mo Kang,et al.  Computer-Aided Design of Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits and Systems , 1996 .

[20]  P. Shum,et al.  Theoretical analysis of modulation response and second-order harmonic distortion in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers , 1996 .

[21]  Wlodzimierz Nakwaski,et al.  Thermal aspects of efficient operation of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers , 1996 .

[22]  Laser Array on an AlGaAs )Substrate , 1996 .

[23]  C.K.Y. Chun,et al.  OPTOBUS/sup TM/ I: a production parallel fiber optical interconnect , 1997, 1997 Proceedings 47th Electronic Components and Technology Conference.

[24]  K. Bertilsson,et al.  High-speed characteristics of low-optical loss oxide-apertured vertical-cavity lasers , 1997, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[25]  John P. R. David,et al.  Temperature effects in VCSELs , 1997, Photonics West.

[26]  Sung-Mo Kang,et al.  Rate-equation-based laser models with a single solution regime , 1997 .

[27]  J. A. Neff.  VCSEL-based smart pixels for free-space optical interconnection , 1997, Conference Proceedings. LEOS '97. 10th Annual Meeting IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society 1997 Annual Meeting.

[28]  L. J. Norton.  OPTOBUSTM^ I: A production parallel fiber optical interconnect , 1997 .

[29]  InAlGaP vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs): processing and performance , 1997, Conference Proceedings. 1997 International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials.

[30]  Visible VCSELs: recent advances and applications , 1997, 1997 Digest of the IEEE/LEOS Summer Topical Meeting: Vertical-Cavity Lasers/Technologies for a Global Information Infrastructure/WDM Components Technology/Advanced Semiconductor Lasers and Application.

[31]  John E. Bowers,et al.  Simulation and analysis of 1.55 μm double-fused vertical-cavity lasers , 1997 .

[32]  Aaas News,et al.  Book Reviews , 1893, Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal.