Social cognition in schizophrenia: an NIMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities.

Social cognition has become a high priority area for the study of schizophrenia. However, despite developments in this area, progress remains limited by inconsistent terminology and differences in the way social cognition is measured. To address these obstacles, a consensus-building meeting on social cognition in schizophrenia was held at the National Institute of Mental Health in March 2006. Agreement was reached on several points, including definitions of terms, the significance of social cognition for schizophrenia research, and suggestions for future research directions. The importance of translational interdisciplinary research teams was emphasized. The current article presents a summary of these discussions.

[1]  T. Ostrom.  The sovereignty of social cognition. , 1984 .

[2]  Dennis R. Combs,et al.  The Development of the Social Cognition and Interaction Training Program for Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders , 2007 .

[3]  R. Badgaiyan.  Theory of mind and schizophrenia , 2009, Consciousness and Cognition.

[4]  Dennis R. Combs,et al.  Social perception in schizophrenia: the role of context , 2002, Psychiatry Research.

[5]  D. Penn,et al.  The relationship of social cognition to ward behavior in chronic schizophrenia , 1996, Schizophrenia Research.

[6]  Jennifer S. Beer,et al.  Social cognition: A multi level analysis , 2006, Brain Research.

[7]  K. Mueser,et al.  Deficits in facial-affect recognition and schizophrenia. , 1988, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[8]  D. Penn,et al.  Neurocognitive and social cognitive predictors of interpersonal skill in schizophrenia , 2006, Psychiatry Research.

[9]  P. Pattison,et al.  Emotion recognition via facial expression and affective prosody in schizophrenia: a methodological review. , 2002, Clinical psychology review.

[10]  S. Baron-Cohen,et al.  The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. , 2001, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[11]  H. Pashler,et al.  schizophrenia research: Reconsidering the , 2022 .

[12]  Michael F. Green,et al.  Social cognition in schizophrenia: Relationships with neurocognition and negative symptoms , 2007, Schizophrenia Research.

[13]  J. Addington,et al.  Facial affect recognition: A mediator between cognitive and social functioning in psychosis? , 2006, Schizophrenia Research.

[14]  P. Garety,et al.  Cognitive approaches to delusions: a critical review of theories and evidence. , 1999, The British journal of clinical psychology.

[15]  D. Penn,et al.  Social cognition and schizophrenia. , 2001 .

[16]  Z. Kunda,et al.  Social Cognition: Making Sense of People , 1999 .

[17]  S. Rauch,et al.  Masked Presentations of Emotional Facial Expressions Modulate Amygdala Activity without Explicit Knowledge , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[18]  R. Bentall,et al.  The best laid schemas of paranoid patients: autonomy, sociotropy and need for closure. , 2003, Psychology and psychotherapy.

[19]  Michael F. Green,et al.  Nonverbal social perception and symptomatology in schizophrenia , 2002, Schizophrenia Research.

[20]  S. Rauch,et al.  Neurobiology of emotion perception II: implications for major psychiatric disorders , 2003, Biological Psychiatry.

[21]  Michael F. Green,et al.  Biosocial pathways to functional outcome in schizophrenia , 2005, Schizophrenia Research.

[22]  R. Bentall,et al.  A new measure of causal locus: the internal, personal and situational attributions questionnaire , 1996 .

[23]  K. Heilman,et al.  Emotional facial imagery, perception, and expression in Parkinson's disease , 1995, Neurology.

[24]  A. Kring,et al.  More evidence for generalized poor performance in facial emotion perception in schizophrenia. , 1996, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[25]  D. Penn,et al.  Emotion perception and social skill over the course of psychosis: A comparison of individuals “at-risk” for psychosis and individuals with early and chronic schizophrenia spectrum illness , 2007, Cognitive neuropsychiatry.

[26]  R. Gur,et al.  Facial emotion discrimination: III. Behavioral findings in schizophrenia , 1992, Psychiatry Research.

[27]  D. Penn,et al.  Attributional style in schizophrenia: an investigation in outpatients with and without persecutory delusions. , 2002, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[28]  Larry J. Seidman,et al.  Poor perception of nonverbal social–emotional cues in relatives of schizophrenic patients , 1999, Schizophrenia Research.

[29]  Philip D. Harvey,et al.  Improvement in social competence with short-term atypical antipsychotic treatment: a randomized, double-blind comparison of quetiapine versus risperidone for social competence, social cognition, and neuropsychological functioning. , 2006, The American journal of psychiatry.

[30]  Ralph Adolphs,et al.  How do we know the minds of others? Domain-specificity, simulation, and enactive social cognition , 2006, Brain Research.

[31]  J. S. St. Lawrence,et al.  Effects of interpersonal problem-solving training with chronic aftercare patients on problem-solving component skills and effectiveness of solutions. , 1985, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[32]  W. A. Phillips,et al.  Where the rubber meets the road: The importance of implementation , 2003, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[33]  G. Beattie,et al.  Delusional discourse: an investigation comparing the spontaneous causal attributions of paranoid and non-paranoid individuals. , 2004, Psychology and psychotherapy.

[34]  Rebecca Saxe,et al.  Why and how to study Theory of Mind with fMRI , 2006, Brain Research.

[35]  Daniel C Javitt,et al.  Theory of Mind (ToM) and counterfactuality deficits in schizophrenia: misperception or misinterpretation? , 2006, Psychological Medicine.

[36]  W. Gaebel,et al.  Facial affect recognition in the course of schizophrenia , 2005, European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience.

[37]  J. McGrath,et al.  The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. , 1997 .

[38]  R. Adolphs,et al.  Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala , 1994, Nature.

[39]  Dennis R. Combs,et al.  Best practices: The development of the Social Cognition and Interaction Training program for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. , 2007, Psychiatric services.

[40]  M. Brüne.  "Theory of mind" in schizophrenia: a review of the literature. , 2005, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[41]  William A. Cunningham,et al.  Opinion TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.11 No.3 Attitudes and evaluations: a social cognitive neuroscience perspective , 2022 .

[42]  C. Frith.  Social cognition , 2008, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[43]  S. Silverstein.  Information processing, social cognition, and psychiatric rehabilitation in schizophrenia. , 1997, Psychiatry.

[44]  T. K. Srull,et al.  Handbook of Social Cognition , 1993 .

[45]  Michael F. Green,et al.  Neurocognitive and social cognitive correlates of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia patients , 2006, Schizophrenia Research.

[46]  M. Bell,et al.  A comparison of basic and social cognition between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder , 2007, Schizophrenia Research.

[47]  Susan Cooley,et al.  Cognitive enhancement therapy for schizophrenia: effects of a 2-year randomized trial on cognition and behavior. , 2004, Archives of general psychiatry.

[48]  P. Salovey,et al.  Emotional intelligence as a standard intelligence. , 2001, Emotion.

[49]  David C. Alsop,et al.  Brain Activation during Facial Emotion Processing , 2002, NeuroImage.

[50]  Shelley E. Taylor,et al.  Social cognition, 2nd ed. , 1991 .

[51]  Raquel E Gur,et al.  Flat affect in schizophrenia: relation to emotion processing and neurocognitive measures. , 2006, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[52]  Michael F. Green,et al.  Social Cognition Training for Individuals with Schizophrenia: Emerging Evidence , 2008 .

[53]  Dennis R. Combs,et al.  The Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire (AIHQ): A new measure for evaluating hostile social-cognitive biases in paranoia , 2007, Cognitive neuropsychiatry.

[54]  Michael F. Green,et al.  Approaching a consensus cognitive battery for clinical trials in schizophrenia: The NIMH-MATRICS conference to select cognitive domains and test criteria , 2004, Biological Psychiatry.

[55]  Brian Kirkpatrick,et al.  The NIMH-MATRICS consensus statement on negative symptoms. , 2006, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[56]  W. Singer,et al.  In search of common foundations for cortical computation , 1997, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[57]  K. Mueser,et al.  Evaluation of social problem solving in schizophrenia. , 1994, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[58]  J. Mazziotta,et al.  Modulating emotional responses: effects of a neocortical network on the limbic system , 2000, Neuroreport.

[59]  Robin M. Chan,et al.  An fMRI study of facial emotion processing in patients with schizophrenia. , 2002, The American journal of psychiatry.

[60]  P. Corrigan,et al.  Schizophrenic patients' sensitivity to social cues: the role of abstraction. , 1993, The American journal of psychiatry.

[61]  M. Casacchia,et al.  Rehabilitation of theory of mind deficit in schizophrenia: a pilot study of metacognitive strategies in group treatment , 2004 .

[62]  R. Bentall,et al.  Persecutory delusions: a review and theoretical integration. , 2001, Clinical psychology review.

[63]  M. Seligman,et al.  Pessimistic Explanatory Style in the Historical Record: CAVing LBJ, Presidential Candidates, and East Versus West Berlin , 1988 .

[64]  N. Rüsch,et al.  Does social cognition influence the relation between neurocognitive deficits and vocational functioning in schizophrenia? , 2004, Psychiatry Research.

[65]  Michael F. Green,et al.  Deficits in social schemata in schizophrenia , 1992, Schizophrenia Research.

[66]  Michael F. Green,et al.  Social perception and early visual processing in schizophrenia , 2003, Schizophrenia Research.

[67]  G. Dunn,et al.  Reasoning, emotions, and delusional conviction in psychosis. , 2005, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[68]  Michael F. Green,et al.  Social perception as a mediator of the influence of early visual processing on functional status in schizophrenia. , 2006, The American journal of psychiatry.

[69]  W. Spaulding,et al.  Poor premorbid social functioning and theory of mind deficit in schizophrenia: evidence of reduced context processing? , 2005, Journal of psychiatric research.

[70]  Michael F. Green,et al.  Social cognition in schizophrenia: recommendations from the measurement and treatment research to improve cognition in schizophrenia new approaches conference. , 2005, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[71]  Uta Frith,et al.  Theory of mind , 2001, Current Biology.

[72]  D. Penn,et al.  Facial affect recognition in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis , 2008, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[73]  Dennis R. Combs,et al.  Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT) for inpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Preliminary findings , 2007, Schizophrenia Research.

[74]  W. A. Phillips,et al.  Theory of mind and perceptual context‐processing in schizophrenia , 2006, Cognitive neuropsychiatry.

[75]  A. Fiske.  The four elementary forms of sociality: framework for a unified theory of social relations. , 1992, Psychological review.

[76]  C. Neil Macrae,et al.  Forming impressions of people versus inanimate objects: Social-cognitive processing in the medial prefrontal cortex , 2005, NeuroImage.

[77]  D. Penn.  Cognitive rehabilitation of social deficits in schizophrenia: A direction of promise or following a primrose path. , 1991 .

[78]  L. Brothers,et al.  The neural basis of primate social communication , 1990 .

[79]  Susanne Quadflieg,et al.  Understanding others: the face and person construal. , 2005, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[80]  Steven J. Luck,et al.  The speed of visual attention in schizophrenia: Electrophysiological and behavioral evidence , 2006, Schizophrenia Research.

[81]  David L. Roberts,et al.  The functional significance of social cognition in schizophrenia: a review. , 2006, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[82]  Michael F. Green,et al.  Is emotion processing a predictor of functional outcome in schizophrenia? , 2003, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[83]  D. Penn,et al.  Social Cognitive Impairments. , 2006 .

[84]  D. Penn,et al.  Emotion recognition and social competence in chronic schizophrenia. , 1996, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[85]  R. Bentall,et al.  Abnormalities of self-representation and persecutory delusions: a test of a cognitive model of paranoia , 1996, Psychological Medicine.

[86]  J. Addington,et al.  Facial affect recognition and information processing in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder , 1998, Schizophrenia Research.

[87]  R. Bentall,et al.  Paranoia and social reasoning: an attribution theory analysis. , 1991, The British journal of clinical psychology.

[88]  W. Gaebel,et al.  Remediation of impairments in facial affect recognition in schizophrenia: Efficacy and specificity of a new training program , 2005, Schizophrenia Research.

[89]  P. Corrigan,et al.  Interpersonal problem solving and information processing in schizophrenia. , 1995, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[90]  K. Nuechterlein,et al.  Should schizophrenia be treated as a neurocognitive disorder? , 1999, European Neuropsychopharmacology.

[91]  R. Bentall,et al.  Attention, theory of mind, and causal attributions in people with persecutory delusions: A preliminary investigation , 2003, Cognitive neuropsychiatry.

[92]  G. Strauss,et al.  Factor analytic support for social cognition as a separable cognitive domain in schizophrenia , 2007, Schizophrenia Research.

[93]  J. Lieberman,et al.  Implications for the neural basis of social cognition for the study of schizophrenia. , 2003, The American journal of psychiatry.

[94]  C. Neil Macrae,et al.  General and specific contributions of the medial prefrontal cortex to knowledge about mental states , 2005, NeuroImage.

[95]  R. Bentall,et al.  Attributional lability in depression and paranoia. , 2005, The British journal of clinical psychology.

[96]  E. Chen,et al.  Cognitive enhancement therapy for schizophrenia , 2004, The Lancet.

[97]  Michael F. Green,et al.  Identification of separable cognitive factors in schizophrenia , 2004, Schizophrenia Research.

[98]  P. Salovey,et al.  The wisdom in feeling: psychological processes in emotional intelligence , 2002 .

[99]  J. Addington,et al.  Cognitive and social functioning in schizophrenia , 1995, Schizophrenia Research.

[100]  Michael F. Green,et al.  Do the siblings of schizophrenia patients demonstrate affect perception deficits? , 2004, Schizophrenia Research.

[101]  A. Kring,et al.  Anhedonia in schizophrenia: a review of assessment strategies. , 2006, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[102]  Michael F. Green,et al.  Social Cognition and Neurocognition: Effects of Risperidone, Olanzapine, and Haloperidol. , 2007, The American journal of psychiatry.

[103]  R. Gur,et al.  Emotion recognition deficit in schizophrenia: association with symptomatology and cognition , 2000, Biological Psychiatry.