The hallmarks of Parkinson's disease

Since the discovery of dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the 1950s, Parkinson's disease (PD) research has generated a rich and complex body of knowledge, revealing PD to be an age‐related multifactorial disease, influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The tremendous complexity of the disease is increased by a nonlinear progression of the pathogenesis between molecular, cellular and organic systems. In this minireview, we explore the complexity of PD and propose a systems‐based approach, organizing the available information around cellular disease hallmarks. We encourage our peers to adopt this cell‐based view with the aim of improving communication in interdisciplinary research endeavors targeting the molecular events, modulatory cell‐to‐cell signaling pathways and emerging clinical phenotypes related to PD.

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