AUTOMATIC INFERENCE OF THE CONTEMPORANEOUS CAUSAL ORDER OF A SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS

When Stephen Perez and I first began our Monte Carlo studies of the efficacy of general-to-specific search methodologies in 1995, we were keenly aware of our limited ability to capture the tacit knowledge of the skilled time-series econometrician operating in the London School of Economics (LSE) tradition (Hoover and Perez, 1999a, 1999b). Econometrics, we believed, was an art, and our algorithm was not intended to replace the artist. David Hendry and Hans-Martin Krolzig's subsequent development of PcGets did not, in fact, eliminate the art of econometrics. Power tools did not eliminate the art of the cabinetmaker but changed where his value added lay and—importantly—made new things possible. PcGets is likewise a new, powerful tool, useful in the hands of a skilled craftsman.I thank Peter Phillips, Selva Demiralp, Stephen Perez, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments on an earlier draft.

[1]  Reply to our discussants , 1999 .

[2]  Statistical Estimation of Economic Relationships , 1949 .

[3]  K. Hoover,et al.  The causal direction between money and prices. An alternative approach , 1991 .

[4]  C. Granger Some recent development in a concept of causality , 1988 .

[5]  Alessio Moneta,et al.  Graphical Models for Structural Vector Autoregressions , 2003 .

[6]  Kevin D. Hoover,et al.  Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. , 2003 .

[7]  C. Sims MACROECONOMICS AND REALITY , 1977 .

[8]  Norman R. Swanson,et al.  Temporal aggregation and spurious instantaneous causality in multiple time series models , 2002 .

[9]  David A. Bessler,et al.  Money and prices: U.S. Data 1869–1914 (A study with directed graphs) , 2002 .

[10]  Norman R. Swanson,et al.  Impulse Response Functions Based on a Causal Approach to Residual Orthogonalization in Vector Autoregressions , 1997 .

[11]  K. Hoover The Logic of Causal Inference: Econometrics and the Conditional Analysis of Causation , 1990, Economics and Philosophy.

[12]  C. Granger Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods , 1969 .

[13]  Kevin D. Hoover,et al.  Causation, spending and taxes: sand in the sandbox or tax collector for the welfare state? , 1992 .

[14]  Judea Pearl COMMENTS ON NEUBERG'S REVIEW OF CAUSALITY , 2003, Econometric Theory.

[15]  C. Sims Are forecasting models usable for policy analysis , 1986 .

[16]  P. Spirtes,et al.  Latent variables, causal models and overidentifying constraints , 1988 .

[17]  J. Pearl Causality: Models, Reasoning and Inference , 2000 .

[18]  Stephen F. LeRoy,et al.  Atheoretical macroeconometrics: A critique , 1985 .

[19]  Edward E. Leamer,et al.  Vector autoregressions for causal inference , 1985 .

[20]  K. Hoover Causality in Macroeconomics , 2001 .

[21]  Gregory F. Cooper,et al.  An overview of the representation and discovery of causal relationships using Bayesian networks , 1999 .

[22]  Kevin D. Hoover,et al.  Data mining reconsidered: encompassing and the general-to-specific approach to specification search , 1997 .

[23]  Clive W. J. Granger,et al.  Some recent developments in a concept of causality , 2001 .

[24]  K. Hoover,et al.  Searching for the Causal Structure of a Vector Autoregression , 2003 .

[25]  Taxing and spending in the long view: the causal structure of US fiscal policy, 1791-1913 , 2000 .