High temperature measurement and characterisation of piezoelectric properties

Abstract Currently available high performance piezoelectric materials, predominantly based on lead zirconate titanate (PZT), are typically limited to operating temperatures of around 200 °C or below. There are many applications in sectors such as automotive, aerospace, power generation and process control, oil and gas, where reliable operation at higher temperatures is required for sensors, actuators and transducers. New materials are being actively developed to meet this need. Development and application of new and existing materials requires reliable measurement of their properties under these challenging conditions. This paper reviews the current state of the art in measurement of piezoelectric properties at high temperature, including direct and converse piezoelectric measurements and resonance techniques applied to high temperature measurements. New results are also presented on measurement of piezoelectric and thermal expansion and the effects of sample distortion on piezoelectric measurements. An investigation of the applicability of resonance measurements at high temperature is presented, and comparisons are drawn between the results of the different measurement techniques. New results on piezoelectric resonance measurements on novel high temperature piezoelectric materials, and conventional PZT materials, at temperatures up to 600 °C are presented.

[1]  Publication and Proposed Revision of ANSI/IEEE Standard 176-1987 "ANSI/IEEE Standard on Piezoelectricity" , 1996, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[2]  J. G. Smits,et al.  Iterative Method for Accurate Determination of the Real and Imaginary Parts of the Materials Coefficients of Piezoelectric Ceramics , 1976, IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics.

[3]  Stewart Sherrit,et al.  PdP135. Nun-iterative evaluation of the real and imaginary material constants of piezoelectric resonators , 1992 .

[4]  Wook Jo,et al.  Temperature Dependence of the Piezoelectric Coefficient in BiMeO3-PbTiO3 (Me = Fe, Sc, (Mg1/2Ti1/2)) Ceramics , 2012 .

[5]  M. Cain,et al.  Measurement and Modelling of Self-Heating in Piezoelectric Materials and Devices , 2014 .

[6]  L. A. Reznichenko,et al.  Thermal properties of PZT-based ferroelectric ceramics , 2006 .

[7]  J. Rödel,et al.  High temperature blocking force measurements of soft lead zirconate titanate , 2010 .

[8]  N. Setter,et al.  The effect of boundary conditions and sample aspect ratio on apparent d/sub 33/ piezoelectric coefficient determined by direct quasistatic method , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[9]  Xian Zhao,et al.  Dielectric and electromechanical properties of rare earth calcium oxyborate piezoelectric crystals at high temperatures , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[10]  T. Stevenson.  Piezoelectric properties of BiFeO 3 -- PbTiO 3 ceramics , 2005 .

[11]  D. Berlincourt,et al.  Thermal Expansion and Pyroelectricity in Lead Titanate Zirconate and Barium Titanate , 1963 .

[12]  M. Cain,et al.  Direct Piezoelectric Measurement: The Berlincourt Method , 2014 .

[13]  S. Tiedke,et al.  Electrode size dependence of piezoelectric response of lead zirconate titanate thin films measured by double beam laser interferometry , 2013 .

[14]  K. Rittenmyer,et al.  Direct measurement of the temperature‐dependent piezoelectric coefficients of composite materials by laser Doppler vibrometry , 1992 .

[15]  Holger Fritze,et al.  High-temperature piezoelectric crystals and devices , 2011 .

[16]  A. Bell,et al.  Antiferromagnetic order in tetragonal bismuth ferrite–lead titanate , 2011 .

[17]  P. Weaver,et al.  Temperature dependence of high field electromechanical coupling in ferroelectric ceramics , 2010 .

[18]  Thomas R. Shrout,et al.  Characterization of piezoelectric single crystal YCa4O(BO3)3 for high temperature applications , 2008 .

[19]  R. Cernik,et al.  Simultaneous measurement of X-ray diffraction and ferroelectric polarization data as a function of applied electric field and frequency. , 2012, Journal of synchrotron radiation.

[20]  Stewart Sherrit,et al.  Resonance analysis of high-temperature piezoelectric materials for actuation and sensing , 2004, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[21]  Guido Bartl,et al.  A new Ultra Precision Interferometer for absolute length measurements down to cryogenic temperatures , 2012 .

[22]  J. Nosek,et al.  Characterization of advanced piezoelectric materials in the wide temperature range , 2003 .

[23]  L. Pardo,et al.  Automatic determination of complex constants of piezoelectric lossy materials in the radial mode , 1995 .

[24]  P M Weaver,et al.  A sensorless drive system for controlling temperature-dependent hysteresis in piezoelectric actuators , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[25]  Jacob L. Jones,et al.  Origins of Electro‐Mechanical Coupling in Polycrystalline Ferroelectrics During Subcoercive Electrical Loading , 2011 .

[26]  B. Jimenez,et al.  Automatic iterative evaluation of complex material constants in piezoelectric ceramics , 1994 .

[27]  P. Weaver,et al.  Surface mapping of field-induced piezoelectric strain at elevated temperature employing full-field interferometry , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control.

[28]  Matthew J. Davis,et al.  Temperature dependence of the direct piezoelectric effect in relaxor-ferroelectric single crystals: Intrinsic and extrinsic contributions , 2006 .

[29]  A. Bell,et al.  Tailoring the structure and piezoelectric properties of BiFeO3-(K0.5Bi0.5)TiO3-PbTiO3 ceramics for high temperature applications , 2013 .

[30]  Mark Hoffman,et al.  Direct measurement of the domain switching contribution to the dynamic piezoelectric response in ferroelectric ceramics , 2006 .

[31]  Thomas R. Shrout,et al.  Characterization of high temperature piezoelectric crystals with an ordered langasite structure , 2009 .

[32]  A. Bell,et al.  Temperature dependence of the intrinsic and extrinsic contributions in BiFeO3-(K0.5Bi0.5)TiO3-PbTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics , 2014 .

[33]  Andrew Yacoot,et al.  The use of x-ray interferometry to investigate the linearity of the NPL Differential Plane Mirror Optical Interferometer , 2000 .

[34]  T. Stevenson,et al.  Piezoelectric materials for high temperature transducers and actuators , 2015, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.

[35]  L. Pardo,et al.  Temperature behaviour of structural, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of sol-gel processed ceramics of the system LiNbO3-NaNbO3 , 1997 .

[36]  Dragan Damjanovic,et al.  STRESS AND FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE OF THE DIRECT PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT IN FERROELECTRIC CERAMICS , 1997 .

[37]  T. Shrout,et al.  Temperature independent shear piezoelectric response in relaxor-PbTiO(3) based crystals. , 2010, Applied physics letters.

[38]  Shujun Zhang,et al.  Piezoelectric Materials for High Temperature Sensors , 2011 .

[39]  Dragan Damjanovic,et al.  Materials for high temperature piezoelectric transducers , 1998 .

[40]  R. Holland,et al.  Representation of Dielectric, Elastic, and Piezoelectric Losses by Complex Coefficients , 1967, IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics.

[41]  Ramamoorthy Ramesh,et al.  Leakage current mechanisms in lead-based thin-film ferroelectric capacitors , 1999 .

[42]  P. Weaver,et al.  Temperature dependence of strain–polarization coupling in ferroelectric ceramics , 2010 .

[43]  W. Wersing.  Small Signal Resonance Methods , 2008 .

[44]  A. M. Glass,et al.  Principles and Applications of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials , 1977 .

[45]  C. Choy,et al.  Evaluation of the material parameters of piezoelectric materials by various methods , 1997, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[46]  M. Cain,et al.  Losses in Piezoelectrics via Complex Resonance Analysis , 2014 .

[47]  T. Shrout,et al.  Piezoelectric materials for high power, high temperature applications , 2005 .

[48]  Holger Fritze.  High temperature piezoelectric materials: Defect chemistry and electro-mechanical properties , 2006 .