How to Measure Attention

This chapter summarizes the main direct and indirect objective ways to measure attention at a macroscale. We focus on quantitative techniques that provide fine-grain spatial and temporal information about attentive responses. The attentive response can be either measured directly in the brain or indirectly through participants’ behavior. Only one of the techniques that are described here is based on participant active feedback: mouse tracking. This is because the mouse-tracking feedback is very close to the one of the eye tracking, and this is an emerging approach of interest for the future: it requires less time and less money and provides more data than classical eye tracking.

[1]  Martina Poletti,et al.  A compact field guide to the study of microsaccades: Challenges and functions , 2016, Vision Research.

[2]  D. Robinson,et al.  Shared neural control of attentional shifts and eye movements , 1996, Nature.

[3]  E. Buffalo,et al.  A nonparametric method for detecting fixations and saccades using cluster analysis: Removing the need for arbitrary thresholds , 2014, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[4]  C Tomberg,et al.  Mapping early somatosensory evoked potentials in selective attention: critical evaluation of control conditions used for titrating by difference the cognitive P30, P40, P100 and N140. , 1989, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[5]  I Czigler,et al.  Event-related potentials in a visual discrimination task: negative waves related to detection and attention. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[6]  T. Picton,et al.  The N1 wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: a review and an analysis of the component structure. , 1987, Psychophysiology.

[7]  R. Näätänen,et al.  Early selective-attention effect on evoked potential reinterpreted. , 1978, Acta psychologica.

[8]  Pingmei Xu,et al.  TurkerGaze: Crowdsourcing Saliency with Webcam based Eye Tracking , 2015, ArXiv.

[9]  K. Reinikainen,et al.  Mismatch negativity to change in spatial location of an auditory stimulus. , 1989, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[10]  C. Rashbass New method for recording eye movements. , 1960, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[11]  Olli Aaltonen,et al.  Event-related brain potentials and the perception of a phonetic continuum , 1987, Biological Psychology.

[12]  R. Näätänen,et al.  Auditory frequency discrimination and event-related potentials. , 1985, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[13]  D H Ballard,et al.  Hand-eye coordination during sequential tasks. , 1992, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[14]  S. Crottaz-Herbette Attention spatiale auditive et visuelle chez des patients héminégligents et des sujets normaux : étude clinique, comportementale et électrophysiologique , 2001 .

[15]  Qi Zhao,et al.  SALICON: Saliency in Context , 2015, 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[16]  R. Cabeza,et al.  Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies , 2000, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[17]  J M Findlay,et al.  Short Report: Scrutinization, Spatial Attention, and the Spatial Programming of Saccadic Eye Movements , 1992, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[18]  R. Walker,et al.  Curved saccade trajectories: Voluntary and reflexive saccades curve away from irrelevant distractors , 2001, Experimental Brain Research.

[19]  D. Robinson,et al.  A METHOD OF MEASURING EYE MOVEMENT USING A SCLERAL SEARCH COIL IN A MAGNETIC FIELD. , 1963, IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering.

[20]  N. Kanwisher,et al.  Testing cognitive models of visual attention with fMRI and MEG , 2001, Neuropsychologia.

[21]  D. Heeger,et al.  Spontaneous Microsaccades Reflect Shifts in Covert Attention , 2014, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[22]  Stephen L Macknik,et al.  Unsupervised clustering method to detect microsaccades. , 2014, Journal of vision.

[23]  Matei Mancas,et al.  Image perception : Relative influence of bottom-up and top-down attention , 2008 .

[24]  Matthias M. Müller,et al.  Modulation of induced gamma band activity in the human EEG by attention and visual information processing. , 2000, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[25]  R. Näätänen,et al.  Intermodal selective attention. II. Effects of attentional load on processing of auditory and visual stimuli in central space. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[26]  Helen J. Neville,et al.  Attention to central and peripheral visual space in a movement detection task: an event-related potential and behavioral study. I. Normal hearing adults , 1987, Brain Research.

[27]  Laura Chamberlain Eye Tracking Methodology; Theory and Practice , 2007 .

[28]  B. Breitmeyer,et al.  Relationship between directed visual attention and saccadic reaction times , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[29]  Risto Näätänen,et al.  Stimulus duration and the sensory memory trace: An event-related potential study , 1993, Biological Psychology.

[30]  K. Reinikainen,et al.  Right hemisphere dominance of different mismatch negativities. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[31]  Manuel Schabus,et al.  A shift of visual spatial attention is selectively associated with human EEG alpha activity , 2005, The European journal of neuroscience.