From fuzzy logic to expert systems

Abstract The history and achievements of fuzzy set theory (FST) are considered in relation to developments in expert systems (ESs). An overview is given of early ES developments and the role of linguistic rules and metarules. It is suggested that FST and ESs are not just mathematical and technological advances but also represent major paradigm shifts in system theory. The main shift is away from the normative application of technology to change the world to be theoretically tractable, and towards increasing model realism. The limitations of classical system theory when applied to natural systems were the impetus behind the development of FST.

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