Respiratory health and its determinants among Nunavimmiut: results from the Qanuilirpitaa? 2017 Nunavik Health Survey

Objectives Respiratory diseases are the leading cause of hospitalization in Nunavik (northern Québec, Canada) and contribute to disparities in life expectancy with the rest of Canada. As part of Qanuilirpitaa? 2017, a cross-sectional population-based health survey, we sought to describe the prevalence of respiratory health indicators, including the first estimate of airway obstruction based on spirometry in an Inuit population, and explore their associated characteristics. Methods We analyzed data from 1296 participants aged 16 years and older, using multivariate logistic regression to assess characteristics associated with spirometry-determined airway obstruction and self-reported respiratory symptoms, i.e., wheezing in the last year and chronic cough during at least 3 months. Results In this relatively young population (83% aged 16 to 54), the prevalences of wheezing, chronic cough, and airway obstruction were, respectively, 27% (95% CI 24–30), 21% (18–23), and 17% (14–20). These estimates are prone to biases due to the relatively low participation rate (about 37%). The most consistent associations were with smoking (≥ 15 pack-years; odds ratio [OR] 3.13, 3.39, and 2.86 for the three indicators, respectively) and food security (OR 0.55 with wheezing and OR 0.26 with chronic cough), as defined in the Household Food Security Survey Module. Wheezing was also associated with allergic sensitization to dogs (2.60) and obesity (2.18). Chronic cough was associated with respiratory infections during childhood (2.12), housing in need of major repairs (1.72), and housing crowding (1.50), and was negatively associated with participation to traditional activities (0.62) and going on the land (0.64). Airway obstruction was associated with being underweight (3.84) and post-secondary education (0.40). Among young adults and women, wheezing was also associated with any inhalation of solvents for recreational purposes during their lifetime (2.62 and 1.56, respectively), while airway obstruction was associated with regular marijuana use (2.22 and 1.84, respectively). Conclusion Smoking and food insecurity are both highly prevalent and strongly associated with respiratory symptoms in Nunavik. Together with essential smoking prevention and cessation programs, our findings suggest that solving food security and housing crises, improving socioeconomic conditions, and promoting traditional lifestyle may improve respiratory health in Nunavik. Objectifs Les maladies respiratoires sont la première cause d’hospitalisation au Nunavik (Nord-du-Québec, Canada) et contribuent aux écarts d’espérance de vie avec le reste du Canada. Dans le cadre de l’enquête transversale et populationnelle Qanuilirpitaa? 2017, cette étude décrit la prévalence d’indicateurs de santé respiratoire et explore les caractéristiques qui leur sont associées. Elle fournit le premier estimé de la prévalence d’obstruction respiratoire par spirométrie dans la population inuite. Méthodes Les données de 1 296 participants âgés de 16 ans et plus ont été analysées par régression logistique multivariée pour évaluer les caractéristiques associées avec le wheezing (dans la dernière année), la toux chronique (durant au moins 3 mois) et l’obstruction bronchique (mesurée par spirométrie). Résultats Dans cette population relativement jeune (83 % entre 16 et 54 ans), les prévalences de wheezing, de toux chronique et d’obstruction bronchique étaient de 27 % (IC95% 24-30), 21 % (18-23) et 17 % (14-20). Ces estimés pourraient être biaisés puisque le taux de participation à l’enquête était relativement faible (environ 37 %). Les associations les plus fortes et consistantes sont observées avec le tabagisme (≥ 15 paquets-années; RC 3,13, 3,39 et 2,86 pour les trois indicateurs, respectivement) et avec la sécurité alimentaire (RC 0,55 avec le wheezing et 0,26 avec la toux chronique), définie à partir du Module d’enquête sur la sécurité alimentaire des ménages. Le wheezing était notamment associé avec la sensibilisation allergique aux chiens (2,60) et l’obésité (2,18). La toux chronique était associée avec les infections respiratoires sévères dans l’enfance (2,12), un logement ayant besoin de réparations majeures (1,72) et un logement surpeuplé (1,50); tandis que participer aux activités traditionnelles (0,62) et aller souvent dans la nature (0,64) semblaient protecteurs. L’obstruction bronchique était associée avec un faible indice de masse corporelle (3,84) et un niveau de scolarité postsecondaire (0,40). Le wheezing était aussi associé avec le fait d’avoir déjà inhalé des solvants chez les jeunes adultes (2,62) et chez les femmes (1,56), tandis que l’obstruction bronchique était associée avec la consommation régulière de cannabis chez les jeunes adultes (2,22) et chez les femmes (1,84). Conclusion Le tabagisme et l’insécurité alimentaire sont fort prévalents et fortement associés avec des symptômes respiratoires au Nunavik. En plus de rappeler l’importance de la prévention du tabagisme, ces résultats supportent la pertinence des efforts communautaires et gouvernementaux pour résoudre les crises de l’insécurité alimentaire et du logement, améliorer les conditions socioéconomiques et promouvoir la culture inuite afin d’améliorer la santé respiratoire au Nunavik.

[1]  L. Potvin,et al.  Relocating to a new or pre-existing social housing unit: significant health improvements for Inuit adults in Nunavik and Nunavut , 2019, Canadian Journal of Public Health.

[2]  A. Chang,et al.  The global burden of respiratory infections in indigenous children and adults: A review , 2017, Respirology.

[3]  S. Tarlo,et al.  Occupational and Environmental Contributions to Chronic Cough in Adults: Chest Expert Panel Report. , 2016, Chest.

[4]  P. Burney,et al.  Body mass index and chronic airflow limitation in a worldwide population-based study , 2016, Chronic respiratory disease.

[5]  J. Hogg,et al.  Characteristics of COPD in never-smokers and ever-smokers in the general population: results from the CanCOLD study , 2015, Thorax.

[6]  C. Porsbjerg,et al.  Investigating the effects of arctic dietary intake on lung health , 2015, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[7]  A. Morice,et al.  The global epidemiology of chronic cough in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2015, European Respiratory Journal.

[8]  E. Hnizdo,et al.  Changes in prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma in the US population and associated risk factors , 2015, Chronic respiratory disease.

[9]  John Wright,et al.  A systematic review of socioeconomic position in relation to asthma and allergic diseases , 2014, European Respiratory Journal.

[10]  L. Lix,et al.  Chronic disease and chronic disease risk factors among First Nations, Inuit and Métis populations of northern Canada. , 2014, Chronic diseases and injuries in Canada.

[11]  Jane A Hoppin,et al.  Prevalence of allergic sensitization in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006. , 2014, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[12]  Andrea Benedetti,et al.  Canadian Cohort Obstructive Lung Disease (CanCOLD): Fulfilling the Need for Longitudinal Observational Studies in COPD , 2014, COPD.

[13]  Huan Yang,et al.  Fish and Fish Oil Intake in Relation to Risk of Asthma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis , 2013, PloS one.

[14]  A. Hossain,et al.  Chronic bronchitis in Aboriginal people--prevalence and associated factors. , 2013, Chronic diseases and injuries in Canada.

[15]  Hsiu-Ju Chang,et al.  Prevalence and risk factors of asthma in off-reserve Aboriginal children and adults in Canada. , 2012, Canadian respiratory journal.

[16]  Teresa To,et al.  Global asthma prevalence in adults: findings from the cross-sectional world health survey , 2012, BMC Public Health.

[17]  A. Buist,et al.  Risk factors for COPD spirometrically defined from the lower limit of normal in the BOLD project , 2011, European Respiratory Journal.

[18]  L. Midyat,et al.  Effects of volatile substance abuse on the respiratory system in adolescents , 2011, Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine.

[19]  G. Egeland,et al.  Severe Early Lower Respiratory Tract Infection is Associated with Subsequent Respiratory Morbidity in Preschool Inuit Children in Nunavut, Canada , 2011, The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma.

[20]  Patrick Royston,et al.  Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice , 2011, Statistics in medicine.

[21]  A. Buist,et al.  Geographical variations in the prevalence of atopic sensitization in six study sites across Canada , 2010, Allergy.

[22]  L. Baydala L’abus de substances volatiles , 2010 .

[23]  J. Cunningham Socioeconomic status and self-reported asthma in Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian adults aged 18-64 years: analysis of national survey data , 2010, International journal for equity in health.

[24]  E. Crighton,et al.  The relationship between socio-economic and geographic factors and asthma among Canada’s Aboriginal populations , 2010, International journal of circumpolar health.

[25]  J. Hankinson,et al.  Interpretative strategies for lung function tests , 2005, European Respiratory Journal.

[26]  C. Porsbjerg,et al.  Allergen sensitization and allergen exposure in Greenlander Inuit residing in Denmark and Greenland. , 2002, Respiratory medicine.

[27]  B. Hemmelgarn,et al.  Airway function among Inuit primary school children in far northern Quebec. , 1997, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[28]  R. Meadows,et al.  Medical complications of glue sniffing. , 1996, Southern medical journal.

[29]  Jensen Geir Clearing the air , 2007 .

[30]  R. Anton,et al.  Clinical review of inhalants. , 2001, The American journal on addictions.

[31]  J L Hankinson,et al.  Spirometric reference values from a sample of the general U.S. population. , 1999, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.