Optical bio-chemical sensors based on whispering gallery mode resonators.

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators have attracted extensive attention and their unique characteristics have led to some remarkable achievements. In particular, when combined with optical sensing technology, the WGM reonator-based sensor offers the advantages of small size, high sensitivity and a real-time dynamic response. At present, this type of sensor is widely applied in the bio-chemical sensing field. In this paper, we briefly review the sensing principle, the structures and the sensing applications of optical bio-chemical sensors based on the WGM resonator, with particular focuses on their sensing properties and their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, the existing problems and future development trends of WGM resonator-based optical bio-chemical sensors are discussed.

[1]  Hongying Zhu,et al.  Overview of novel integrated optical ring resonator bio/chemical sensors , 2007, SPIE LASE.

[2]  A. Daraei,et al.  Thin cylindrical slot in an optical microdisk cavity for sensing biomaterials , 2017 .

[3]  Laura M. Lechuga,et al.  Single and multi-analyte surface plasmon resonance assays for simultaneous detection of cholinesterase inhibiting pesticides , 2006 .

[4]  T. J. Kippenberg,et al.  Demonstration of ultra-high-Q small mode volume toroid microcavities on a chip , 2004 .

[5]  Horacio Lamela,et al.  High-sensitivity ultrasound interferometric single-mode polymer optical fiber sensors for biomedical applications. , 2009, Optics letters.

[6]  Hong Cai,et al.  Optical manipulation and transport of microparticles on a silicon nitride microracetrack resonator add-drop device , 2010, 7th IEEE International Conference on Group IV Photonics.

[7]  S. Arnold,et al.  Shift of whispering-gallery modes in microspheres by protein adsorption. , 2003, Optics letters.

[8]  Brian M Stoltz,et al.  Label-free detection of single nanoparticles and biological molecules using microtoroid optical resonators , 2016, Light: Science & Applications.

[9]  S. Ozdemir,et al.  Detecting single viruses and nanoparticles using whispering gallery microlasers. , 2011, Nature nanotechnology.

[10]  Yang Liu,et al.  All-optical tuning of a magnetic-fluid-filled optofluidic ring resonator. , 2014, Lab on a chip.

[11]  Jonathan Ward,et al.  Single-input spherical microbubble resonator. , 2011, Optics letters.

[12]  John Gohring,et al.  Detection of HER2 breast cancer biomarker using the opto-fluidic ring resonator biosensor , 2010 .

[13]  X. Qiao,et al.  Integrated in-fiber coupler for microsphere whispering-gallery modes resonator excitation. , 2015, Optics letters.

[14]  Hongying Zhu,et al.  On-column micro gas chromatography detection with capillary-based optical ring resonators. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[15]  R. Windeler,et al.  Optical microbubble resonator. , 2010, Optics letters.

[16]  M. Sumetsky Delay of light in an optical bottle resonator with nanoscale radius variation: dispersionless, broadband, and low loss. , 2013, Physical review letters.

[17]  Bo Liu,et al.  Electrically tunable whispering gallery mode microresonator based on a grapefruit-microstructured optical fiber infiltrated with nematic liquid crystals. , 2017, Optics letters.

[18]  Nanoparticle-coated micro-optofluidic ring resonator as a detector for microscale gas chromatographic vapor analysis. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[19]  Zheng-Fu Han,et al.  Packaged silica microsphere-taper coupling system for robust thermal sensing application. , 2011, Optics express.

[20]  Gabriela Kuncová,et al.  Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Fiber-Optic Bio-Sensors , 2015, Sensors.

[21]  Bo Liu,et al.  Excitation of Whispering Gallery Modes in Silica Capillary Using SMF-MMF Joint With Lateral Offset , 2017, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[22]  Jonathan M. Ward,et al.  Nanoparticle sensing beyond evanescent field interaction with a quasi-droplet microcavity , 2018 .

[23]  M. Bayindir,et al.  Phosphonate based organosilane modification of a simultaneously protein resistant and bioconjugable silica surface. , 2014, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[24]  D. R. Deans,et al.  Gas chromatographic columns with adjustable separation characteristics , 1973 .

[25]  Xudong Fan,et al.  Analysis of ring resonators for chemical vapor sensor development. , 2008, Optics express.

[26]  Frank Vollmer,et al.  Optical observation of single atomic ions interacting with plasmonic nanorods in aqueous solution , 2016, Nature Photonics.

[27]  A Densmore,et al.  Label-free biosensor array based on silicon-on-insulator ring resonators addressed using a WDM approach. , 2010, Optics letters.

[28]  Andrea M Armani,et al.  Monitoring DNA hybridization using optical microcavities. , 2013, Optics letters.

[29]  S. Arnold,et al.  PAPER www.rsc.org/faraday_d | Faraday Discussions MicroParticle photophysics illuminates viral bio-sensing , 2007 .

[30]  Xudong Fan,et al.  PDMS embedded opto-fluidic microring resonator lasers. , 2008, Optics express.

[31]  Xudong Fan,et al.  Label Free Detection of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells Using the Optofluidic Ring Resonator , 2010, Sensors.

[32]  Lan Yang,et al.  Detection and size measurement of individual hemozoin nanocrystals in aquatic environment using a whispering gallery mode resonator. , 2012, Optics express.

[33]  Yunhan Luo,et al.  Optofluidic glucose detection by capillary-based ring resonators , 2014 .

[34]  Joachim Knittel,et al.  Detection of nanoparticles with a frequency locked whispering gallery mode microresonator , 2013, 1303.1174.

[35]  Xudong Fan,et al.  A microfabricated optofluidic ring resonator for sensitive, high-speed detection of volatile organic compounds. , 2014, Lab on a chip.

[36]  Hong Cai,et al.  Optical manipulation of microparticles using whispering-gallery modes in a silicon nitride microdisk resonator. , 2011, Optics letters.

[37]  Tao Wei,et al.  Optical microresonator based on hollow sphere with porous wall for chemical sensing. , 2012, Optics letters.

[38]  S. Arnold,et al.  Whispering Gallery Mode Carousel--a photonic mechanism for enhanced nanoparticle detection in biosensing. , 2009, Optics express.

[39]  Xiu-Min Lin,et al.  Experimental observation of Fano-like resonance in a whispering-gallery-mode microresonator in aqueous environment , 2017 .

[40]  Acoustooptic-Mode-Coupling-Based Whispering Gallery Mode Excitation in Silica-Capillary Microresonator , 2017, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[41]  Lan Yang,et al.  Controlled manipulation of mode splitting in an optical microcavity by two Rayleigh scatterers. , 2010, Optics express.

[42]  X S Yao,et al.  Microtorus: a high-finesse microcavity with whispering-gallery modes. , 2001, Optics letters.

[43]  Frank Vollmer,et al.  High-Q microsphere biosensor - analysis for adsorption of rodlike bacteria. , 2007, Optics express.

[44]  Lan Yang,et al.  Observation and characterization of mode splitting in microsphere resonators in aquatic environment , 2011, 1103.2398.

[45]  Lan Yang,et al.  Single virus and nanoparticle size spectrometry by whispering-gallery-mode microcavities. , 2011, Optics express.

[46]  Thomas Lake,et al.  Whispering Gallery Modes in Standard Optical Fibres for Fibre Profiling Measurements and Sensing of Unlabelled Chemical Species , 2010, Sensors.

[47]  Peter A. Jones,et al.  Epigenetics in human disease and prospects for epigenetic therapy , 2004, Nature.

[48]  Byoungho Lee,et al.  Review of the present status of optical fiber sensors , 2003 .

[49]  Lan Yang,et al.  Single Nanoparticle Detection Using Optical Microcavities , 2017, Advanced materials.

[50]  Hongying Zhu,et al.  Analysis of biomolecule detection with optofluidic ring resonator sensors. , 2007, Optics express.

[51]  Xingwang Zhang,et al.  Ultralow sensing limit in optofluidic micro-bottle resonator biosensor by self-referenced differential-mode detection scheme , 2014 .

[52]  Lan Yang,et al.  Highly sensitive detection of nanoparticles with a self-referenced and self-heterodyned whispering-gallery Raman microlaser , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[53]  Andrea M Armani,et al.  Label free detection of 5'hydroxymethylcytosine within CpG islands using optical sensors. , 2015, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[54]  R. Bailey,et al.  Real-time monitoring of surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization using silicon photonic microring resonators: implications for combinatorial screening of polymer brush growth conditions. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[55]  Dieter Braun,et al.  Protein detection by optical shift of a resonant microcavity , 2002 .

[56]  Andrea M. Armani,et al.  Ultra-high-Q microcavity operation in H2O and D2O , 2005 .

[57]  Abraham J. Qavi,et al.  Multiplexed detection and label-free quantitation of microRNAs using arrays of silicon photonic microring resonators. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[58]  David Erickson,et al.  Optofluidic ring resonator switch for optical particle transport. , 2010, Lab on a chip.

[59]  Stephen Holler,et al.  Label-free detection of single protein using a nanoplasmonic-photonic hybrid microcavity. , 2013, Nano letters.

[60]  Yan Li,et al.  Experimental observation of Fano resonance in a single whispering-gallery microresonator , 2011 .

[61]  V. R. Dantham,et al.  Taking whispering gallery-mode single virus detection and sizing to the limit , 2012 .

[62]  Mi Li,et al.  Dynamic Fano Resonance in Thin Fiber Taper Coupled Cylindrical Microcavity , 2016, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[63]  Frank Vollmer,et al.  Towards next-generation label-free biosensors: recent advances in whispering gallery mode sensors. , 2017, Lab on a chip.

[64]  Mehmet Bayindir,et al.  Real-Time and Selective Detection of Single Nucleotide DNA Mutations Using Surface Engineered Microtoroids. , 2015, Analytical chemistry.

[65]  Huidong Shi,et al.  Label-free analysis of DNA methylation using optofluidic ring resonators , 2009, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[66]  S. Yun,et al.  Optical microring resonator based corrosion sensing , 2016 .

[67]  Hongying Zhu,et al.  Opto-fluidic micro-ring resonator for sensitive label-free viral detection. , 2008, The Analyst.

[68]  G. Righini,et al.  Long period grating-based fiber coupler to whispering gallery mode resonators. , 2014, Optics letters.

[69]  Lan Yang,et al.  Encapsulation of a Fiber Taper Coupled Microtoroid Resonator in a Polymer Matrix , 2013, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[70]  Andrea M. Armani,et al.  Bioconjugation Strategies for Microtoroidal Optical Resonators , 2010, Sensors.

[71]  Lan Yang,et al.  Demonstration of mode splitting in an optical microcavity in aqueous environment , 2010 .

[72]  Xudong Fan,et al.  Highly sensitive detection of glucose concentration with opto-fluidics ring resonator , 2012, Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[73]  Carlo Edoardo Campanella,et al.  Label-free optical resonant sensors for biochemical applications , 2013 .

[74]  Yves-Alain Peter,et al.  Real-Time Detection of Staphylococcus Aureus Using Whispering Gallery Mode Optical Microdisks , 2016, Biosensors.

[75]  Jie Huang,et al.  Fiber pigtailed thin wall capillary coupler for excitation of microsphere WGM resonator. , 2013, Optics express.

[76]  Kun Liu,et al.  Ultraprecise Resonance Wavelength Determination for Optofluidic Sensing Applications , 2015, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[77]  Serge Rosenblum,et al.  Cavity ring-up spectroscopy for ultrafast sensing with optical microresonators , 2015, Nature Communications.

[78]  Joachim Knittel,et al.  Detection limits in whispering gallery biosensors with plasmonic enhancement , 2011 .

[79]  G. Righini,et al.  Quasi-distributed and wavelength selective addressing of optical micro-resonators based on long period fiber gratings. , 2015, Optics express.

[80]  Alexandre François,et al.  Dynamic Self-Referencing Approach to Whispering Gallery Mode Biosensing and Its Application to Measurement within Undiluted Serum. , 2016, Analytical chemistry.

[81]  T. Kippenberg Microresonators: Particle sizing by mode splitting , 2010 .

[82]  R. Moradian,et al.  A Hybrid Plasmonic Bimetallic Nanoshell-Microsphere Sensor for Cancer Market Protein Detection , 2017, Plasmonics.

[83]  Francesco De Angelis,et al.  Hybrid plasmonic-photonic whispering gallery mode resonators for sensing: a critical review. , 2017, The Analyst.

[84]  J. Hotta,et al.  Fano resonance in a multimode tapered fiber coupled with a microspherical cavity , 2005 .

[85]  F. Pang,et al.  Fano resonances in cone-shaped inwall capillary based microsphere resonator. , 2017, Optics express.

[86]  John Gohring,et al.  SERS-based detection in an optofluidic ring resonator platform. , 2007, Optics express.

[87]  Yan Li,et al.  Strongly enhanced light-matter interaction in a hybrid photonic-plasmonic resonator , 2012, 1206.2422.

[88]  Lan Yang,et al.  Coupled optical microcavities: an enhanced refractometric sensing configuration. , 2008, Optics express.

[89]  G. Guo,et al.  Broadband tuning of the optical and mechanical modes in hollow bottle-like microresonators. , 2017, Optics express.

[90]  Jing Liu,et al.  Optofluidic ring resonator sensors for rapid DNT vapor detection. , 2009, The Analyst.

[91]  Ryan C Bailey,et al.  Applications of Optical Microcavity Resonators in Analytical Chemistry. , 2016, Annual review of analytical chemistry.

[92]  Andrea M. Armani,et al.  Heterodyned toroidal microlaser sensor , 2013 .

[93]  Lan Yang,et al.  Review Label-free detection with high-Q microcavities: a review of biosensing mechanisms for integrated devices , 2012 .

[94]  S. Arnold,et al.  Single virus detection from the reactive shift of a whispering-gallery mode , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[95]  Hong Cai,et al.  Optical manipulation and transport of microparticles on silicon nitride microring-resonator-based add-drop devices. , 2010, Optics letters.

[96]  Frank Vollmer,et al.  Optical resonator biosensors: molecular diagnostic and nanoparticle detection on an integrated platform. , 2012, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[97]  Thanh Son Pham,et al.  Control of whispering-gallery-mode spectrum from erbium-doped silica microsphere lasers , 2013 .

[98]  Chang-Seok Kim,et al.  Plasmon-Coupled Whispering Gallery Modes on Nanodisk Arrays for Signal Enhancements , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[99]  Jeffrey R. Jones,et al.  Prediction of retention times in serially linked open-tubular gas chromatographic columns and optimization of column lengths , 1990 .

[100]  Tingyun Wang,et al.  Theoretical aspects and sensing demonstrations of cone-shaped inwall capillary-based microsphere resonators , 2017 .

[101]  Stephen Arnold,et al.  Detection of protein orientation on the silica microsphere surface using transverse electric/transverse magnetic whispering gallery modes. , 2007, Biophysical journal.

[102]  I. Teraoka,et al.  Whispering Gallery Mode Dip Sensor for Aqueous Sensing. , 2015, Analytical chemistry.

[103]  Perry Ping Shum,et al.  Review of diverse optical fibers used in biomedical research and clinical practice. , 2014, Journal of biomedical optics.

[104]  Hongying Zhu,et al.  Label-free quantitative DNA detection using the liquid core optical ring resonator. , 2008, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[105]  NaCl ion detection using a silica toroid microcavity. , 2015, Applied optics.

[106]  Lan Yang,et al.  A Robust and Tunable Add–Drop Filter Using Whispering Gallery Mode Microtoroid Resonator , 2012, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[107]  Erik H. Horak,et al.  Optical Microresonators for Sensing and Transduction: A Materials Perspective , 2017, Advanced materials.

[108]  Y Nishida,et al.  Ultrasensitive nanoparticle detection using a portable whispering gallery mode biosensor driven by a periodically poled lithium-niobate frequency doubled distributed feedback laser. , 2010, The Review of scientific instruments.

[109]  Judith Su,et al.  Label-Free Biological and Chemical Sensing Using Whispering Gallery Mode Optical Resonators: Past, Present, and Future , 2017, Sensors.

[110]  Joachim Knittel,et al.  Back-scatter based whispering gallery mode sensing , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[111]  H. Nadgaran,et al.  Enhancement of a whispering gallery mode microtoroid resonator by plasmonic triangular gold nanoprism for label-free biosensor applications , 2015 .

[112]  Zheng-Fu Han,et al.  Fabrication of high-Q polydimethylsiloxane optical microspheres for thermal sensing , 2009 .

[113]  Ian M. White,et al.  Aqueous mercuric ion detection with microsphere optical ring resonator sensors , 2006 .

[114]  Xiang Wu,et al.  Self-referencing optofluidic ring resonator sensor for highly sensitive biomolecular detection. , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[115]  Jing Liu,et al.  Rapid tandem-column micro-gas chromatography based on optofluidic ring resonators with multi-point on-column detection. , 2010, The Analyst.

[116]  WGM Micro-Fluidic-Channel Based on Reflection Type Fiber-Tip-Coupled Hollow-Core PCFs , 2016, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[117]  Albert T. Rosenberger,et al.  Silica hollow bottle resonators for use as whispering gallery mode based chemical sensors , 2015 .

[118]  Alper Kiraz,et al.  Integrated humidity sensor based on SU-8 polymer microdisk microresonator , 2017 .

[119]  Kebin Shi,et al.  Single nanoparticle detection using split-mode microcavity Raman lasers , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[120]  Maksim Skorobogatiy,et al.  Resonant bio- and chemical sensors using low-refractive-index-contrast liquid-core Bragg fibers , 2012 .

[121]  Hongying Zhu,et al.  Aptamer Based Microsphere Biosensor for Thrombin Detection , 2006, Sensors (Basel, Switzerland).

[122]  Roberta Ramponi,et al.  Tailoring of the free spectral range and geometrical cavity dispersion of a microsphere by a coating layer. , 2014, Optics letters.

[123]  Banshi D. Gupta,et al.  Surface plasmon resonance based fiber-optic sensor for the detection of pesticide , 2007 .

[124]  Oliver Benson,et al.  Tuning whispering gallery modes using internal aerostatic pressure. , 2011, Optics letters.

[125]  Ben Xu,et al.  A Whispering-Gallery-Mode Microsphere Resonator on a No-Core Fiber Tip , 2018, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[126]  Min Gu,et al.  Microfluidic sensing: state of the art fabrication and detection techniques. , 2011, Journal of biomedical optics.

[127]  S. Chen,et al.  Microstructured optical fiber for multichannel sensing based on Fano resonance of the whispering gallery modes. , 2017, Optics express.

[128]  Guang-Can Guo,et al.  Transient microcavity sensor. , 2015, Optics express.

[129]  D. Keng,et al.  Resonance fluctuations of a whispering gallery mode biosensor by particles undergoing Brownian motion , 2007 .

[130]  Randall H Goldsmith,et al.  Photothermal Microscopy of Nonluminescent Single Particles Enabled by Optical Microresonators. , 2014, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[131]  I. Teraoka,et al.  Relationship between height and width of resonance peaks in a whispering gallery mode resonator immersed in water and sucrose solutions , 2017 .

[132]  J. Homola Present and future of surface plasmon resonance biosensors , 2003, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[133]  Lan Yang,et al.  On-chip single nanoparticle detection and sizing by mode splitting in an ultrahigh- Q microresonator , 2010 .

[134]  Achim Peters,et al.  An alignment-free fiber-coupled microsphere resonator for gas sensing applications , 2010 .

[135]  G. Bahl,et al.  Invited Article: Real-time sensing of flowing nanoparticles with electro-opto-mechanics , 2016, 1609.09518.

[136]  R. Jha,et al.  Temperature Insensitive PCF Interferometer Coated With Graphene Oxide Tip Sensor , 2016, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[137]  Yuliya Semenova,et al.  A Packaged Whispering Gallery Mode Strain Sensor Based on a Polymer-Wire Cylindrical Micro Resonator , 2018, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[138]  Jonathan Ward,et al.  Quasi-droplet microbubbles for high resolution sensing applications. , 2014, Optics express.

[139]  Yong Zhao,et al.  Applications and developments of on-chip biochemical sensors based on optofluidic photonic crystal cavities. , 2017, Lab on a chip.

[140]  Yuqiang Wu,et al.  Integrating a DNA Strand Displacement Reaction with a Whispering Gallery Mode Sensor for Label-Free Mercury (II) Ion Detection , 2016, Sensors.

[141]  G. Righini,et al.  Whispering gallery mode microresonators: Fundamentals and applications , 2011 .

[142]  Lan Yang,et al.  Whispering gallery mode resonator sensor for in situ measurements of hydrogel gelation. , 2018, Optics express.

[143]  Jie Huang,et al.  Integrated Chemical Vapor Sensor Based on Thin Wall Capillary Coupled Porous Glass Microsphere Optical Resonator. , 2015, Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical.

[144]  K. Vahala,et al.  High sensitivity nanoparticle detection using optical microcavities , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[145]  Charles Santori,et al.  D ec 2 00 8 Coherent interference effects in a nano-assembled opticalcavity-QED system , 2008 .

[146]  F. Baldini,et al.  SPR‐based plastic optical fibre biosensor for the detection of C‐reactive protein in serum , 2016, Journal of biophotonics.

[147]  Ozan Aktas,et al.  Label-Free Biosensing with High Selectivity in Complex Media using Microtoroidal Optical Resonators , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[148]  Silvia Soria,et al.  Biosensing by WGM Microspherical Resonators , 2016, Sensors.

[149]  Matthew R Foreman,et al.  Single-molecule nucleic acid interactions monitored on a label-free microcavity biosensor platform. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[150]  Sumei Wang,et al.  Ultrasensitive chemical sensors based on whispering gallery modes in a microsphere coated with zeolite. , 2010, Applied optics.

[151]  Donghyun Kim,et al.  Detection of Single Nanoparticles Using the Dissipative Interaction in a High-Q Microcavity , 2016, 1604.02249.

[152]  Yan-ge Liu,et al.  Laser-tuned whispering gallery modes in a solid-core microstructured optical fibre integrated with magnetic fluids , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[153]  Chang-ling Zou,et al.  Robust Spot-Packaged Microsphere-Taper Coupling Structure for In-Line Optical Sensors , 2011, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[154]  Judith Su,et al.  Label-Free Single Exosome Detection Using Frequency-Locked Microtoroid Optical Resonators , 2015 .

[155]  Jun Yang,et al.  Whispering gallery mode laser based on cholesteric liquid crystal microdroplets as temperature sensor , 2017 .

[156]  Vittorio M. N. Passaro,et al.  Photonic resonant microcavities for chemical and biochemical sensing , 2013 .

[157]  Stephen Holler,et al.  Plasmonic enhancement of a whispering-gallery-mode biosensor for single nanoparticle detection , 2011 .

[158]  Lei Xu,et al.  Fano resonance and improved sensing performance in a spectral-simplified optofluidic micro-bubble resonator by introducing selective modal losses. , 2016, Optics express.

[159]  A. Ksendzov,et al.  Integrated optics ring-resonator sensors for protein detection. , 2005, Optics letters.

[160]  V. Kolchenko,et al.  Molecular weight dependence of a whispering gallery mode biosensor , 2005 .

[161]  Xudong Fan,et al.  Rapid chemical-vapor sensing using optofluidic ring resonators. , 2008, Optics letters.

[162]  Xudong Fan,et al.  Analysis of single nanoparticle detection by using 3-dimensionally confined optofluidic ring resonators , 2010, Asia Communications and Photonics Conference and Exhibition.

[163]  Yan Li,et al.  On chip, high-sensitivity thermal sensor based on high-Q polydimethylsiloxane-coated microresonator , 2010 .

[164]  Xudong Fan,et al.  Highly sensitive tuning of coupled optical ring resonators by microfluidics , 2009 .

[165]  D. Braun,et al.  Multiplexed DNA quantification by spectroscopic shift of two microsphere cavities. , 2003, Biophysical journal.

[166]  S. Chu,et al.  A universal biosensing platform based on optical micro-ring resonators. , 2008, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[167]  S. Arnold,et al.  Whispering-gallery-mode biosensing: label-free detection down to single molecules , 2008, Nature Methods.

[168]  Carlos Angulo Barrios,et al.  Integrated microring resonator sensor arrays for labs-on-chips , 2012, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[169]  Xudong Fan,et al.  Liquid-core optical ring-resonator sensors. , 2006, Optics letters.

[170]  J. Purnell,et al.  Separation of aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures by gas chromatography using serial liquid-phase and solid-phase columns , 1991 .

[171]  G. Bahl,et al.  High-throughput sensing of freely flowing particles with optomechanofluidics , 2016 .

[172]  Jonathan M. Ward,et al.  Single input Spherical Microbubble Resonator , 2011 .

[173]  Wei Wang,et al.  Detection of Single Nanoparticles and Lentiviruses Using Microcavity Resonance Broadening , 2013, Advanced materials.

[174]  Matthew R Foreman,et al.  Whispering gallery mode sensors. , 2015, Advances in optics and photonics.

[175]  Haifeng Hu,et al.  Hydrogen Sensing Performance of Silica Microfiber Elaborated with Pd Nanoparticles , 2018 .

[176]  Feng Luan,et al.  Fano resonances in metallic grating coupled whispering gallery mode resonator , 2013 .

[177]  James S Wilkinson,et al.  Selective excitation of whispering gallery modes in a novel bottle microresonator. , 2009, Optics express.

[178]  Hongying Zhu,et al.  Phage-based label-free biomolecule detection in an opto-fluidic ring resonator. , 2008, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[179]  Xudong Fan,et al.  Characterization of sensing capability of optofluidic ring resonator biosensors , 2010 .

[180]  Haotian Wang,et al.  Optical manipulation in optofluidic microbubble resonators , 2015 .

[181]  Yuliya Semenova,et al.  Magnetic-field sensor based on whispering-gallery modes in a photonic crystal fiber infiltrated with magnetic fluid. , 2015, Optics letters.