Making It Personal

This article reviews andragogy as the philosophy resident in the broad arena of experience-based learning. Beneath the umbrella of experience-based learning lie the specific classroom orientations of student-centered learning, problem-based learning, and classrooms as organizations. These orientations contribute to the creation of autonomy-supportive classrooms that focus more fully on student experience as a means to greater learning. The exhaustive review of the literature on student experience in teaching environments is the foundation for claims to fuller integration of this approach and discussion that focuses on the student as the original reason for the existence of the classroom. The article closes with a call for more student-focused andragogy, its relevance for Millennial learners, and recommendations for educators.

[1]  Ranga Venkatachary,et al.  Putting “Organizations” into an Organization Theory Course: A Hybrid CAO Model For Teaching Organization Theory , 2010 .

[2]  Gregory R. Heim,et al.  Experiential Learning in a Management Information Systems Course: Simulating IT Consulting and CRM System Procurement , 2005, Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[3]  B. McCombs,et al.  The Learner-Centered Classroom and School: Strategies for Increasing Student Motivation and Achievement. The Jossey-Bass Education Series. , 1997 .

[4]  Jessica L. Wildman,et al.  Using Simulation-Based Training to Enhance Management Education , 2009 .

[5]  J. Reeve,et al.  Enhancing Students' Engagement by Increasing Teachers' Autonomy Support , 2004 .

[6]  Tim O. Peterson So You’re Thinking of Trying Problem Based Learning?: Three Critical Success Factors for Implementation , 2004 .

[7]  Joseph W. Goetz,et al.  Easing College Students' Transition into the Financial Planning Profession , 2005 .

[8]  Benjamin S. Bloom,et al.  Handbook On Formative and Summative Evaluation of Student Learning , 1971 .

[9]  Mary Thorpe,et al.  Practices with technology: learning at the boundary between study and work , 2011, J. Comput. Assist. Learn..

[10]  M. Marks,et al.  The Round-Robin Mock Interview , 2006 .

[11]  Gregory R. Berry,et al.  Broadening Student Societal Awareness through Servicelearning and Civic Engagement , 2007 .

[12]  Using Challenge Course Activities to Teach Organizational Ethics , 2006 .

[13]  J. Reeve,et al.  What teachers say and do to support students' autonomy during a learning activity. , 2006 .

[14]  Shawn M. Bergman,et al.  Are Universities Creating Millennial Narcissistic Employees? An Empirical Examination of Narcissism in Business Students and Its Implications , 2012 .

[15]  Daphne A. Jameson,et al.  Problem-Based Learning in Graduate Management Education: An Integrative Model and Interdisciplinary Application , 2004 .

[16]  Carl R. Rogers,et al.  Freedom to learn for the 80's , 1982 .

[17]  G. Vega,et al.  Teaching Business Ethics Through Service Learning Metaprojects , 2007 .

[18]  J. Connell,et al.  What motivates children's behavior and emotion? Joint effects of perceived control and autonomy in the academic domain. , 1993, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[19]  Timothy J. Kloppenborg,et al.  Project Management in Local Nonprofit Organizations: Engaging Students in Problem-Based Learning , 2004 .

[20]  L. R. Wise,et al.  Responding to a Diverse Class: Insights from Seeing a Course as an Organization , 2002 .

[21]  Stephen L. Payne,et al.  Communication Challenges for Management Faculty Involving Younger "Generation X" Students in their Classes , 1998 .

[22]  Gail K. Sergenian,et al.  Transforming the Class into a Learning Organization , 2000 .

[23]  J. Beatty,et al.  Taking Stock of Management Education: A Comparison of Three Management Education Journals , 2010 .

[24]  W. Buskirk Enhancing Sensitivity to Organizational Symbols and Culture: An Experiential Approach for the Classroom , 1991 .

[25]  J. Turner,et al.  The meaning of adult education , 1926 .

[26]  J. B. Arbaugh,et al.  Sage, guide, both, or even more? An examination of instructor activity in online MBA courses , 2010, Comput. Educ..

[27]  Henry Mintzberg,et al.  Managers Not MBAs: A Hard Look at the Soft Practice of Managing and Management Development , 2004 .

[28]  R. Miles,et al.  The Organization game : a simulation in organizational behavior, design, change, and development : [participant's manual] , 1979 .

[29]  Tim O. Peterson,et al.  Service-Learning and Management Education: Introducing the “WE CARE” Approach , 2005 .

[30]  C. Hmelo‐Silver,et al.  Scaffolding and Achievement in Problem-Based and Inquiry Learning: A Response to Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006) , 2007 .

[31]  R. Kegan The Evolving Self , 1982 .

[32]  S. Temkin,et al.  Just-In-Time Teaching: Balancing the Competing Demands of Corporate America and Academe in the Delivery of Management Education , 2000 .

[33]  Warren E. Watson,et al.  Team Learning: a Potential Solution To the Problems of Large Classes , 1982 .

[34]  Holly H. Brower,et al.  On Emulating Classroom Discussion in a Distance-Delivered OBHR Course: Creating an On-Line Learning Community , 2003 .

[35]  J. Arbaugh,et al.  Do Undergraduates and MBAs Differ Online?: Initial Conclusions From the Literature , 2010 .

[36]  Edward L. Deci,et al.  Characteristics of the Rewarder and Intrinsic Motivation of the Rewardee , 2005 .

[37]  E. Deci,et al.  Effects of Performance Standards on Teaching Styles: Behavior of Controlling Teachers , 1982 .

[38]  A. Georges L. Romme,et al.  Designing Management Education:Practice What You Teach , 2003 .

[39]  S. Levy An Inquiry Into Motivation Using the Case of Phaedrus' Demonstrator , 2007 .

[40]  C. Gilson Student Development and Classroom Participation: a Way out of the Gulag , 1990 .

[41]  Joan V. Gallos A Need for Reframing the Gulag: a Developmental Prospective , 1988 .

[42]  Teacher Beliefs, Classroom Interaction and Personal Causation1 , 1977 .

[43]  M. Wisniewski Leadership and the Millennials: Transforming Today 's Technological Teens into Tomorrow 's Leaders , 2010 .

[44]  Alain Fayolle,et al.  Tangling With Spaghetti: Pedagogical Lessons From Games , 2009 .

[45]  M. Knowles Andragogy in action , 1984 .

[46]  D. Kolb,et al.  Learning Styles and Learning Spaces: Enhancing Experiential Learning in Higher Education , 2005 .

[47]  David A. Whetten,et al.  Principles of Effective Course Design: What I Wish I Had Known About Learning-Centered Teaching 30 Years Ago , 2007 .

[48]  James G. Wellborn Engaged and disaffected action: The conceptualization and measurement of motivation in the academic domain. , 1992 .

[49]  Robert Sommer,et al.  Experience and Education. , 1974 .

[50]  E. Boyer Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate , 1990 .

[51]  C. Estes Promoting Student-Centered Learning in Experiential Education , 2004 .

[52]  E. Deci,et al.  The effects of instructors' autonomy support and students' autonomous motivation on learning organic chemistry: A self-determination theory perspective , 2000 .

[53]  Keith Rollag,et al.  Teaching Business Cases Online Through Discussion Boards: Strategies and Best Practices , 2010 .

[54]  D. Boud,et al.  The challenge of problem-based learning 2nd ed , 1997 .

[55]  J. B. Arbaugh,et al.  Is There an Optimal Design for On-Line MBA Courses? , 2005 .

[56]  K. Pardue,et al.  MILLENNIALS CONSIDERED: A NEW GENERATION, New Approaches, and Implications for Nursing Education , 2008, Nursing education perspectives.

[57]  C. Elam,et al.  Welcoming a New Generation to College: The Millennial Students. , 2007 .

[58]  L. Dee Fink,et al.  Team-Based Learning: A Transformative Use of Small Groups in College Teaching , 2002 .

[59]  J. Piaget Psychology and Epistemology: Towards a Theory of Knowledge , 1972 .

[60]  J. Sweller,et al.  Why Minimally Guided Teaching Techniques Do Not Work: A Reply to Commentaries , 2007 .

[61]  D. Kolb Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development , 1983 .

[62]  J. B. Arbaugh From the Editor: Starting the Long March to Legitimacy , 2008 .

[63]  D. Goleman Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ , 1995 .

[64]  Ian McGill,et al.  Making Sense of Experiential Learning. , 1990 .

[65]  L. Pelletier,et al.  Pressure From Above and Pressure From Below as Determinants of Teachers ’ Motivation and Teaching Behaviors , 2002 .

[66]  J. B. Arbaugh Interaction and Learning , 2005 .

[67]  M. Barrett,et al.  Controlling teaching strategies: Undermining children's self-determination and performance. , 1990 .

[68]  J. Connell,et al.  Competence, autonomy, and relatedness: A motivational analysis of self-system processes. , 1991 .

[69]  J. Reeve,et al.  Autonomy-Supportive Teachers: How They Teach and Motivate Students , 1999 .

[70]  Robert DeFillippi,et al.  Introduction: Project-Based Learning, Reflective Practices and Learning , 2001 .

[71]  Max Elden,et al.  Introduction to the Special Issue: Problem-Based Learning as Social Inquiry—PBL and Management Education , 2004 .

[72]  David M. Considine,et al.  Teaching and Reaching the Millennial Generation through Media Literacy , 2009 .

[73]  K. Lewin,et al.  Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers , 1951 .

[74]  Päivi Häkkinen,et al.  Is successful scaffolding an illusion? – Shifting patterns of responsibility and control in teacher-student interaction during a long-term learning project , 2003 .

[75]  Neil A. Knobloch Reap the Benefits of Games and Simulations in the Classroom , 2005 .

[76]  J. Arbaugh,et al.  A Structural Equation Model of Predictors for Effective Online Learning , 2005 .

[77]  Nick Marshall,et al.  Cognitive and Practice-based Theories of Organizational Knowledge and Learning: Incompatible or Complementary? , 2008 .

[78]  John D. Bigelow,et al.  Using Problem-Based Learning to Develop Skills in Solving Unstructured Problems , 2004 .

[79]  Tim O. Peterson,et al.  It's Called Andragogy , 2006 .

[80]  Henry H. Beam,et al.  The Use of Teams in an Undergraduate Management Program , 1998 .

[81]  S. Meisel,et al.  Rethinking Management Education: a TQM Perspective , 1995 .

[82]  Kenneth D. Stewart Lessons from Teaching Millennials , 2009 .

[83]  ‘This Interpreted World’: Two Turns to the Social in Management Learning , 2009 .

[84]  J. B. Arbaugh,et al.  An Investigation of Epistemological and Social Dimensions of Teaching in Online Learning Environments , 2006 .

[85]  S. Thompson Social Learning Theory , 2008 .

[86]  S. Nadkarni Instructional Methods and Mental Models of Students: An Empirical Investigation , 2003 .

[87]  G. Boulton‐Lewis Teaching for quality learning at university , 2008 .

[88]  Mohammad Ashraf A Critical Look at the Use of Group Projects as a Pedagogical Tool , 2004 .

[89]  Soon Ang,et al.  From Experience to Experiential Learning: Cultural Intelligence as a Learning Capability for Global Leader Development , 2009 .

[90]  William Wresch,et al.  Research in online and blended learning in the business disciplines: Key findings and possible future directions , 2009, Internet High. Educ..

[91]  Imogen Taylor,et al.  The challenge of problem-based learning , 1997 .

[92]  Andrea Hershatter,et al.  Millennials and the World of Work: An Organization and Management Perspective , 2010 .

[93]  Edward L. Deci,et al.  An Instrument to Assess Adults' Orientations toward Control versus Autonomy with Children: Reflections on Intrinsic Motivation and Perceived Competence. , 1981 .

[94]  Kip R. Krumwiede,et al.  Using Simulation to Explore Lean Manufacturing Implementation Strategies , 2010 .

[95]  M. Buckley,et al.  The Role of Managerial Experience in the Management Education Process: Status, Problems, and Prospects , 1992 .

[96]  Martha L. Fiedler Bidirectionality of influence in classroom interaction. , 1975 .

[97]  Arthur Lloyd Sherwood,et al.  Problem-Based Learning in Management Education: A Framework for Designing Context , 2004 .

[98]  Elizabeth A. Taylor,et al.  Experience-Based Learning About LMX Leadership and Fairness in Project Teams: A Dyadic Directional Approach , 2006 .

[99]  Jane V. Wheeler,et al.  Learning-Centered Education , 1995 .

[100]  Maureen E. Wilson Teaching, learning, and millennial students , 2004 .

[101]  Jonathan Gosling,et al.  Educating Managers Beyond Borders , 2002 .

[102]  A. Jayawardana,et al.  The Asian Tsunami and Problem-Based Learning for Postgraduate Students in Sri Lanka , 2007 .

[103]  Marilyn Laiken,et al.  Use of Teams in Management Education , 2006 .

[104]  D. Bradford,et al.  A Dialogue On "Treating the Classroom as an Organization" , 1979 .

[105]  Mark S. Granovetter The Strength of Weak Ties , 1973, American Journal of Sociology.

[106]  Luigi Proserpio,et al.  Teaching the Virtual Generation. , 2007 .

[107]  Richard deCharms,et al.  Enhancing motivation : change in the classroom , 1976 .

[108]  D. Wren,et al.  Theory and Applications in Management Pedagogy: An Empirical Study , 1980 .

[109]  J. Reeve,et al.  Autonomy Support as an Interpersonal Motivating Style: Is It Teachable? , 1998, Contemporary educational psychology.

[110]  I. Mangham Managing as a Performing Art , 1990 .

[111]  Experiencing Management: A Comprehensive, "Hands-on" Model for the Introductory Undergraduate Management Course , 1991 .

[112]  David Cohn,et al.  Active Learning , 2010, Encyclopedia of Machine Learning.

[113]  S. Armstrong,et al.  Experiential learning and the acquisition of managerial tacit knowledge , 2008 .

[114]  Gregory Light,et al.  Executive MBA Programs: The Development of the Reflective Executive , 2009 .

[115]  D. Barry Twincorp: Extensions of the Classroom-as-Organization Model , 1990 .

[116]  K. Strang How Can Discussion Forum Questions Be Effective In Online MBA Courses , 2011 .

[117]  Barton A. Weitz,et al.  The Role of Emotional Expression and Mentoring in Internship Learning , 2011 .

[118]  H. Barrows Problem‐based learning in medicine and beyond: A brief overview , 1996 .

[119]  V. J. Ramsey,et al.  Being in the Classroom , 2005 .

[120]  David L. Cooperrider Positive Image, Positive Action: The Affirmative Basis of Organizing , 1999 .

[122]  Steven J. Armstrong,et al.  The SAGE Handbook of Management Learning, Education and Development , 2009 .

[123]  J. B. Arbaugh,et al.  Virtual Classroom versus Physical Classroom: An Exploratory Study of Class Discussion Patterns and Student Learning in an Asynchronous Internet-Based MBA Course , 2000 .

[124]  B. S. Sridhar,et al.  A review of research on online and blended learning in the management disciplines: 1994–2009 , 2010 .

[125]  E. Holly Buttner,et al.  How Do We “Dis” Students?: A Model of (Dis)Respectful Business Instructor Behavior , 2004 .

[126]  T. Shuell Cognitive Conceptions of Learning , 1986 .

[127]  Lee Andresen,et al.  Experience-based learning , 2020, Understanding Adult Education and Training.

[128]  Thomas M. Duffy,et al.  Learner-centered theory and practice in distance education : cases from higher education , 2003 .

[129]  J. Connell Context, self, and action: A motivational analysis of self-system processes across the life span. , 1990 .

[130]  John A. Drexler,et al.  Project Management in Real Time: A Service-Learning Project , 2010 .

[131]  M. Monaco,et al.  The Flight of the Millennials in Higher Education , 2010 .

[132]  D. Dunn,et al.  Experiential Learning , 2019, High Impact Teaching for Sport and Exercise Psychology Educators.

[133]  Jim Collins,et al.  Great by Choice: Uncertainty, Chaos, and Luck – Why Some Thrive Despite Them All , 2011 .

[134]  John A. Hoxmeier,et al.  Community Service Learning Increases Communication Skills Across the Business Curriculum , 1998 .

[135]  Constance H. McLaren A Comparison of Student Persistence and Performance in Online and Classroom Business Statistics Experiences , 2004 .

[136]  Janice S. Miller Problem-Based Learning in Organizational Behavior Class: Solving Students’ Real Problems , 2004 .

[137]  A. Cohen Beyond Simulation: Treating the Classroom as an Organization , 1976 .

[138]  Navigating between Finite and Infinite Games in the Managerial Classroom , 2001 .

[139]  William H. Bommer,et al.  Assessing the Effectiveness of Whole Person Learning Pedagogy in Skill Acquisition , 2010 .

[140]  Richard E. Clark,et al.  Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does Not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and Inquiry-Based Teaching , 2006 .

[141]  L. Porter,et al.  Management Education and Development: Drift or Thrust into the 21st Century? , 1988 .

[142]  Holly H. Brower,et al.  Sustainable Development Through Service Learning: A Pedagogical Framework and Case Example in a Third World Context , 2011 .

[143]  Larry K. Michaelsen,et al.  Beyond Groups and Cooperation: Building High Performance Learning Teams , 1993 .

[144]  Joseph G. Rosse,et al.  Understanding Reactions to Workplace Injustice Through Process Theories of Motivation: a Teaching Module and Simulation , 2007 .

[145]  J. Arbaugh How Much Does “Subject Matter” Matter? A Study of Disciplinary Effects in On-Line MBA Courses , 2005 .

[146]  R Kelley,et al.  How Bell Labs creates star performers. , 1993, Harvard business review.

[147]  Anne T. Lawrence Teaching High-Commitment Management the High-Commitment Way , 1992 .

[148]  Steve W. J. Kozlowski,et al.  Current issues and future directions in simulation-based training in North America , 2008 .

[149]  Martin J. Hornyak,et al.  Team Teaching for Higher Level Learning: A Framework of Professional Collaboration , 1999 .

[150]  Marcy P. Driscoll,et al.  Psychology of Learning for Instruction (3rd ed. , 2005 .

[151]  Timothy T. Baldwin,et al.  The Social Fabric of a Team-Based M.B.A. Program: Network Effects on Student Satisfaction and Performance , 1997 .

[152]  Edward L. Deci,et al.  Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior , 1975, Perspectives in Social Psychology.

[153]  Peter Navarro,et al.  The MBA Core Curricula of Top-Ranked U.S. Business Schools: A Study in Failure? , 2008 .

[154]  Sharon L. Milgram,et al.  The Small World Problem , 1967 .

[155]  Marc H. Anderson “Why Are There So Many Theories?” a Classroom Exercise To Help Students Appreciate the Need for Multiple Theories of a Management Domain , 2007 .

[156]  M. Smith Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers. , 1951 .

[157]  A. Buono,et al.  Service-Learning and Management Education: The Bentley Experience , 2005 .

[158]  Brooks C. Holtom,et al.  Experiential Learning Through Interactive Drama: An Alternative To Student Role Plays , 2007 .

[159]  Randall S. Hansen,et al.  Benefits and Problems With Student Teams: Suggestions for Improving Team Projects , 2006 .

[160]  W. Gardner,et al.  Practicing Management in the Classroom: Experience Is the Best Teacher , 1988 .

[161]  E. Bridges Problem-based learning for administrators , 1992 .

[162]  Urban Nuldén,et al.  ‘Copernicus’: Experiencing a Failing Project for Reflection and Learning , 2005 .

[163]  J. J. Carroll The Power of Problem-Based Learning. , 2005 .

[164]  Linda Lohr,et al.  Psychology of learning for instruction , 2005 .

[165]  T. W. Scott,et al.  Designing and Introducing Ethical Dilemmas into Computer-Based Business Simulations , 2006 .

[166]  Kimberly A. Eddleston,et al.  Making Connections for Success: A Networking Exercise , 2007 .

[167]  Linda D. Lerner Making Student Groups Work , 1995 .

[168]  Mike Markel,et al.  Distance Education and the Myth of the New Pedagogy , 1999 .

[169]  Richard G. Milter,et al.  Problem‐based learning in business education: Curriculum design and implementation issues , 1996 .

[170]  J. Raelin,et al.  Toward an Epistemology of Practice , 2007 .

[171]  E. Sadler‐Smith,et al.  Continuing Professional Development in the Legal Profession , 2007 .

[172]  L. Thornton,et al.  The Politics of Education , 2004 .

[173]  Randall Brown,et al.  Student Partners in Instruction: Third Level Student Participation in Advanced Business Courses , 2003 .

[174]  Sylvain Charlebois,et al.  From Classroom to Boardroom: How International Marketing Students Earn Their Way to Experiential Learning Opportunities, and the Case of the "Beyond Borders of a Classroom" Program , 2010 .

[175]  Clayton M. Christensen,et al.  Course Research: Using the Case Method to Build and Teach Management Theory , 2009 .

[176]  M. Knowles The Modern Practice of Adult Education: From Pedagogy to Andragogy , 1970 .

[177]  Sylvain Charlebois From Classroom to Boardroom: How International Marketing Students Earn Their Way to Experiential Learning Opportunities, and the Case of the “Beyond Borders of a Classroom” Program , 2009 .

[178]  A. C. Baker,et al.  Conversation as Experiential Learning , 2005 .

[179]  C. Rogers Becoming a person , 1956 .

[180]  Ronald Noel Beyers,et al.  A Five Dimensional Model for Educating the Net Generation , 2009, J. Educ. Technol. Soc..

[181]  E. Kruger,et al.  Finding Your Questions: Final Exams for Reframing Knowledge , 1995 .

[182]  John A. Drexler,et al.  Using Total Quality Processes and Learning Outcome Assessments to Develop Management Curricula , 2000 .

[183]  Jill Beard,et al.  Redesigning Services for the Net-Gen and Beyond: A Holistic Review of Pedagogy, Resource, and Learning Space , 2008 .

[184]  Elizabeth Aaronsohn,et al.  Response to Andrew Gilbert’s Review of Going against the Grain: Supporting the Student-Centered Teacher , 1996 .