Flows of nitrogen and phosphorus in Finland—the forest industry and use of wood fuels

Abstract In this paper, we present the flows of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Finnish forest industry and wood fuel consumption in 1995–1999. The input of nitrogen in wood to the industry was 27 300 tonnes per year and the input of phosphorus 3180 tonnes per year, on average. Despite the small amount of bark compared to wood material, the nutrient richness of the bark makes it an important factor for the flows. Furthermore, the chemicals used in the forest industrial processes play an important role: total input of N in various chemicals was approximately 19 100 tonnes and that of P 4500 tonnes, respectively. Although the Finnish forest industry has several features typical for industrial ecosystems, it can be argued that it constitutes an open cycle of nitrogen and phosphorus.

[1]  E. Malkonen.  Annual primary production and nutrient cycle in some Scots pine stands , 1974 .

[2]  Gjalt Huppes,et al.  Cadmium in the European Community: a Policy-Oriented Analysis , 1994 .

[3]  J. Bergh.  Handbook of Environmental and Resource Economics , 1999 .

[4]  H. Helmisaari.  Variation in Nutrient Concentrations of Pinus Sylvestris Roots , 1989 .

[5]  J. Laclau,et al.  Dynamics of biomass and nutrient accumulation in a clonal plantation of Eucalyptus in Congo , 2000 .

[6]  A. Saarsalmi,et al.  Biomass production and nutrient removal in whole tree harvesting of birch stands. , 1982 .

[7]  K. Liukko,et al.  Environmental loads from water‐sprinkled softwood timber. 1. Characteristics of an open and a recycling watering system , 1996 .

[8]  Leena Finér,et al.  Biomass and nutrient cycle in fertilized and unfertilized pine, mixed birch and pine and spruce stands on a drained mire. , 1989 .

[9]  R. Ayres.  Industrial Metabolism and the Grand Nutrient Cycles , 1999 .

[10]  P. Nöjd,et al.  Forest condition monitoring under the UN/ECE and EC programmes in Finland. , 2000 .

[11]  H. Pereira,et al.  Provenance and site variation of wood density in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. at harvest age and its relation to a non-destructive early assessment , 2001 .

[12]  E. Mälkönen.  Annual primary production and nutrient cycle in a birch stand. , 1977 .

[13]  Donald E. Weller,et al.  Human contributions to terrestrial nitrogen flux , 1996 .

[14]  T. Graedel,et al.  Industrial ecology: goals and definitions , 2002 .

[15]  N. Caraco,et al.  HUMAN IMPACT ON NITRATE EXPORT : AN ANALYSIS USING MAJOR WORLD RIVERS , 1999 .

[16]  Jouni Korhonen,et al.  Industrial ecosystem in the Finnish forest industry: using the material and energy flow model of a forest ecosystem in a forest industry system , 2001 .

[17]  M. Ingerslev.  Above ground biomass and nutrient distribution in a limed and fertilized norway spruce (picea abies) plantation: Part I. Nutrient concentrations , 1999 .

[18]  K. M. Bhat.  Anatomy, Basic Density and Shrinkage of Birch Bark , 1982 .

[19]  P. Hakkila,et al.  The technique of recycling wood and bark ash , 1983 .

[20]  C. Olsthoorn,et al.  The anthropogenic nitrogen cycle in the Netherlands , 1998, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems.

[21]  R. R. Horton,et al.  On the form of nitrogen in wood and its fate during kraft pulping , 1993 .

[22]  Juha Nurmi,et al.  Heating values of mature trees. , 1997 .

[23]  E. Paavilainen.  Effect of fertilization on plant biomass and nutrient cycle on a drained dwarf-shrub pine swamp [bog]. , 1980 .

[24]  G. Likens,et al.  Technical Report: Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Sources and Consequences , 1997 .

[25]  P. Hakkila.  Investigations on the basic density of finnish pine, spruce and birch wood. , 1966 .

[26]  T. Graedel.  Industrial Ecology , 1995 .

[27]  Jim Nilsson,et al.  A Phosphorus Budget for a Swedish Municipality , 1995 .

[28]  Viveka Palm.  Material flow analyses in technosphere and biosphere – metals, natural resources and chemical products , 2002 .

[29]  S. Carpenter,et al.  NONPOINT POLLUTION OF SURFACE WATERS WITH PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN , 1998 .

[30]  N. E. Gallopoulos,et al.  Strategies for Manufacturing , 1989 .

[31]  S. Erkman.  Industrial ecology: An historical view , 1997 .