COVID-19 Pneumonia with Migratory Pattern in Agammaglobulinemic Patients: A Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by marked reduction in serum immunoglobulins and early-onset infections. Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in immunocompromised patients presents clinical and radiological peculiarities which have not yet been completely understood. Very few cases of agammaglobulinemic patients with COVID-19 have been reported since the beginning of the pandemic in February 2020. We report two cases of migrant COVID-19 pneumonia in XLA patients.

[1]  T. Mogensen,et al.  Case report: Evolution of pulmonary manifestations and virological markers in critical COVID-19 infection in Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia , 2022, Frontiers in Immunology.

[2]  M. Khoury,et al.  COVID-19-related health outcomes in people with primary immunodeficiency: A systematic review , 2022, Clinical Immunology.

[3]  Å. Nilsdotter-Augustinsson,et al.  Specific T-cell responses for guiding treatment with convalescent plasma in severe COVID-19 and humoral immunodeficiency: a case report , 2022, BMC Infectious Diseases.

[4]  T. Kwee,et al.  Chest CT in COVID-19: What the Radiologist Needs to Know , 2022, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[5]  V. Scaria,et al.  X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia and COVID-19: Two Case Reports and Review of Literature. , 2021, Pediatric allergy, immunology, and pulmonology.

[6]  A. Gori,et al.  Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 relapse with remdesivir and neutralizing antibodies cocktail in a patient with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia , 2021, International Journal of Infectious Diseases.

[7]  A. Valipour,et al.  Organizing pneumonia following Covid19 pneumonia , 2021, Wiener klinische Wochenschrift.

[8]  A. Albanna,et al.  The Clinical Course of COVID-19 Pneumonia in a 19-Year-Old Man on Intravenous Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy for X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia , 2021, The American journal of case reports.

[9]  V. Amado,et al.  Migratory pulmonary infiltrates in a patient with COVID-19 and lymphoma , 2021, Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia.

[10]  S. Betschel,et al.  A Patient with X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia and COVID-19 Infection Treated with Remdesivir and Convalescent Plasma , 2021, Journal of Clinical Immunology.

[11]  J. Stanek,et al.  COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients: A systematic review of cancer, hematopoietic cell and solid organ transplant patients , 2021, Journal of Infection.

[12]  J. Inácio,et al.  Organizing pneumonia and COVID-19: A report of two cases , 2021, Respiratory Medicine Case Reports.

[13]  A. Etzioni,et al.  Minor Clinical Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients With Primary Immunodeficiency in Israel , 2021, Frontiers in Immunology.

[14]  A. Gholamrezanezhad,et al.  Imaging of COVID-19: CT, MRI, and PET , 2020, Seminars in Nuclear Medicine.

[15]  C. Cordon-Cardo,et al.  Three patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia hospitalized for COVID-19 improved with convalescent plasma , 2020, The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice.

[16]  D. Andreini,et al.  Role of computed tomography in COVID-19 , 2020, Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography.

[17]  C. Ortega,et al.  Rapid recovery of a SARS-CoV-2–infected X-linked agammaglobulinemia patient after infusion of COVID-19 convalescent plasma , 2020, The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice.

[18]  G. Berry,et al.  Radiology-pathology Correlation in Recovered COVID-19, Demonstrating Organizing Pneumonia. , 2020, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[19]  K. Rezvani,et al.  Migratory Pulmonary Infiltrates in a Patient With COVID-19 Infection and the Role of Corticosteroids , 2020, Mayo Clinic Proceedings.

[20]  Derya Yakar,et al.  Chest CT Imaging Signature of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection , 2020, Chest.

[21]  M. Chiarini,et al.  Two X‐linked agammaglobulinemia patients develop pneumonia as COVID‐19 manifestation but recover , 2020, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[22]  A. Singanayagam,et al.  Immunosuppression for hyperinflammation in COVID-19: a double-edged sword? , 2020, The Lancet.

[23]  Shuo Yan,et al.  Imaging Features of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evaluation on Thin-Section CT , 2020, Academic Radiology.

[24]  S. Balakrishnan,et al.  Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review of Imaging Findings in 919 Patients. , 2020, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[25]  L. Xia,et al.  Initial CT findings and temporal changes in patients with the novel coronavirus pneumonia (2019-nCoV): a study of 63 patients in Wuhan, China , 2020, European Radiology.

[26]  C. Zheng,et al.  Time Course of Lung Changes On Chest CT During Recovery From 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia , 2020, Radiology.

[27]  C. Zheng,et al.  Time Course of Lung Changes at Chest CT during Recovery from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) , 2020 .

[28]  A. Gennery,et al.  X-Linked Agammaglobulinaemia: Outcomes in the modern era. , 2017, Clinical immunology.

[29]  T. Yokoi,et al.  Secondary organizing pneumonia following viral pneumonia caused by severe influenza B: a case report and literature reviews , 2017, BMC Infectious Diseases.

[30]  Surjit Singh,et al.  X-linked Agammaglobulinemia , 2016, The Indian Journal of Pediatrics.

[31]  M. Judson,et al.  Organizing Pneumonia , 2008, The American journal of the medical sciences.

[32]  J. Cordier.  Cryptogenic organising pneumonia , 2006, European Respiratory Journal.

[33]  N. Latronico,et al.  SARS-CoV-2 invades the West. How to face a COVID-19 epidemic in Lombardy, Northern Italy? , 2020, Le infezioni in medicina.