The Influence of the Site of Infection

tract (URT) was studied prospectively in a group of normal children, ages 3-6 yr. The children were examined and cultures for group A streptococci were obtained weekly from the throat, nose, and skin lesions (when present). Paired sera were collected at the beginning and end of the study, and the changes in antibody titers were measured for three different streptococcal antigens: streptolysin 0, deoxyribonuclease B (DNAse B), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidase (NADase). The findings suggest that in contrast to infection of the URT antibody response to streptolysin 0 is relatively feeble after streptococcal infection which is limited to the skin. The response to NADase is also poor after cutaneous infection. Antibody responses to DNAse B are generally good regardless of the site of the infection. These and other studies indicate that anti-DNAse B is the antibody of choice in studying streptococcal infection of the skin and its complications.

[1]  A. Michael,et al.  Epidemic acute glomerulonephritis associated with type 49 streptococcal pyoderma. II. Correlative study of light, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic findings. , 1970, The American journal of medicine.

[2]  E. Kaplan,et al.  Attack rates of acute nephritis after type 49 streptococcal infection of the skin and of the respiratory tract. , 1969, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[3]  D. Earle,et al.  Streptococcal infections and epidemic acute glomerulonephritis in South Trinidad. , 1968, The Journal of pediatrics.

[4]  E. Ayoub,et al.  Streptococcal anti-desoxyribonuclease B: microtechnique determination. , 1968, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[5]  E. Kaplan,et al.  EPIDEMIC ACUTE NEPHRITIS WITH REAPPEARANCE OF TYPE-49 STREPTOCOCCUS , 1967 .

[6]  L. Wannamaker,et al.  Skin infections and acute nephritis in American Indian children. , 1967, Pediatrics.

[7]  W. R. Maxted,et al.  Epidemiology of acute glomerulonephritis , 1966 .

[8]  E. Ayoub,et al.  Use of bisulfite in the streptococcal anti-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidase test. , 1966, Applied microbiology.

[9]  M. Markowitz,et al.  THE BACTERIOLOGIC FINDINGS, STREPTOCOCCAL IMMUNE RESPONSE, AND RENAL COMPLICATIONS IN CHILDREN AND IMPETIGO. , 1965, Pediatrics.

[10]  R. Williams.  THE STREPTOCOCCUS, RHEUMATIC FEVER AND GLOMERULONEPHRITIS , 1964, The Ulster Medical Journal.

[11]  E. A. Edwards.  Protocol for micro antistreptolysin O determinations , 1964, Journal of bacteriology.

[12]  E. Ayoub,et al.  A FACTOR OTHER THAN STREPTOCOCCAL NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDASE WHICH COMBINES WITH ANTIBODY TO THIS ENZYME: ITS PRODUCTION AND EFFECT ON ANTIBODY DETERMINATIONS. , 1963, Journal of immunology.

[13]  E. Ayoub,et al.  EVALUATION OF THE STREPTOCOCCAL DESOXYRIBO-NUCLEASE B AND DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDASE ANTIBODY TESTS IN ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER AND ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS , 1962, Pediatrics.

[14]  L. Wannamaker,et al.  Family outbreak of acute nephritis associated with type 49 streptococcal infection. , 1961, The Journal-lancet.

[15]  E. Ayoub,et al.  Antibody Titers in Acute Rheumatic Fever , 1960, Circulation.

[16]  L. Wannamaker,et al.  The paradox of the antibody response to streptodornase: the usefulness of antidesoxyribonuclease B as an indication of streptococcal infection in patients with acute rheumatic fever. , 1959, The American journal of medicine.

[17]  L. Wannamaker.  THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THREE DISTINCT DESOXYRIBONUCLEASES OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI , 1958, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[18]  L. Wannamaker.  ELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES OF THE EXTRACELLULAR PRODUCTS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI , 1958, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[19]  R. Williams.  Laboratory diagnosis of streptococcal infections. , 1958, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[20]  A. W. Bernheimer,et al.  DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDASE AS AN EXTRACELLULAR PRODUCT OF STREPTOCOCCAL GROWTH AND ITS POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP TO LEUKOTOXICITY , 1957, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[21]  R. Quinn.  The response of rheumatic and non-rheumatic children to streptolysin O concentrate. , 1957, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[22]  G. Stollerman,et al.  Relationship of immune response to group A streptococci to the course of acute, chronic and recurrent rheumatic fever. , 1956, The American journal of medicine.

[23]  C. Rammelkamp,et al.  EPIDEMIC ACUTE NEPHRITIS: STUDIES ON ETIOLOGY, NATURAL HISTORY AND PREVENTION , 1955, Medicine.

[24]  L. Rantz,et al.  Antistreptolysin O response following hemolytic streptococcus infection in early childhood. , 1951, A.M.A. archives of internal medicine.

[25]  H. D. Slade,et al.  NUTRITION AND THE ROLE OF REDUCING AGENTS IN THE FORMATION OF STREPTOLYSIN O BY A GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS , 1950, Journal of bacteriology.

[26]  E. D. Kilbourne,et al.  THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS AND INTERMITTENT PENICILLIN THERAPY ON THE FORMATION OF ANTISTREPTOLYSIN IN HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS. , 1948, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[27]  L. Weinstein,et al.  Effect of Types of Treatment on Development of Antistreptolysin in Patients with Scarlet Fever.∗ , 1946, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.

[28]  L. Rantz.  GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS ANTIBODIES III. A STUDY OF THE SIMULTANEOUS INFECTION OF A LARGE NUMBER OF MEN BY A SINGLE TYPE , 1944 .

[29]  R. Lancefield,et al.  TYPING GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI BY M PRECIPITIN REACTIONS IN CAPILLARY PIPETTES , 1943, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[30]  E. W. Todd,et al.  The effect of cholesterol and of sera contaminated with bacteria on the hæmolysins produced by hæmolytic streptococci , 1939 .

[31]  E. W. Todd.  The streptolysins of various groups and types of haemolytic streptococci; a serological investigation , 1939, Journal of Hygiene.

[32]  A. Coburn,et al.  STUDIES ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE RHEUMATIC SUBJECT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ACTIVITY OF THE RHEUMATIC PROCESS. IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF STRAINS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS, EFFECTIVE AND NON-EFFECTIVE IN INITIATING RHEUMATIC ACTIVITY. , 1935, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[33]  R. Lancefield.  A SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN AND OTHER GROUPS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI , 1933, The Journal of experimental medicine.