Current review on squamous intraepithelial lesions of the larynx

Squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) of the larynx, clinically usually defined as leukoplakia and chronic laryngitis, have remained the main controversial topic in laryngeal pathology for decades as regards classification, histological diagnosis and treatment. SILs are caused by smoking and alcohol abuse. There is also mounting evidence that gastroesophageal reflux is a potential aetiological factor. Human papillomavirus infection seems to play little if any role in laryngeal carcinogenesis.

[1]  A. Dietz,et al.  Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer , 1992, The clinical investigator.

[2]  M. Morrison.  Is Chronic Gastroesophageal Reflux a Causative Factor in Glottic Carcinoma? , 1988, Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

[3]  G. Motta,et al.  [Microlaryngoscopy treatment of laryngeal dysplasia with CO2 laser]. , 2001, Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale.

[4]  W. Thumfart,et al.  [Endolaryngeal laser surgery in the treatment of laryngeal cancers. The current Cologne concept]. , 1990, HNO.

[5]  J. Califano,et al.  The molecular biology of laryngeal cancer. , 2002, Otolaryngologic clinics of North America.

[6]  M. Poljak,et al.  The Ljubljana Classification: A Practical Strategy for the Diagnosis of Laryngeal Precancerous Lesions , 2000, Advances in anatomic pathology.

[7]  K. Syrjänen,et al.  Histological evidence for the presence of condylomatous epithelial lesions in association with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. , 1981, ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties.

[8]  Benjamin D. L. Li,et al.  Progression of eIF4E gene amplification and overexpression in benign and malignant tumors of the head and neck , 2000, Cancer.

[9]  M. Blahova,et al.  Long term follow-up study of laryngeal precancer. , 1998, Auris, nasus, larynx.

[10]  M. Poljak,et al.  Overexpression of p53 protein in benign and malignant laryngeal epithelial lesions. , 1996, Anticancer research.

[11]  G. Auer,et al.  Nuclear DNA content, proliferating‐cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and p53 immunostaining in predicting progression of laryngeal cancer in situ lesions , 2007, International journal of cancer.

[12]  G. Ayers,et al.  Characterization of laryngopharyngeal reflux in patients with premalignant or early carcinomas of the larynx , 2003, Cancer.

[13]  G. Casey,et al.  Frequent p53 mutations in head and neck cancer. , 1992, Cancer research.

[14]  J. Shay,et al.  Telomerase activity in human cancer. , 1996, Current opinion in oncology.

[15]  D. Davies.  Alterations in laryngeal mucosa after exposure to asbestos. , 1990, British journal of industrial medicine.

[16]  A. Franchi,et al.  Cumulative prognostic value of p16/CDKN2 and p53 oncoprotein expression in premalignant laryngeal lesions. , 1997, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[17]  R. Bussani,et al.  From epithelial dysplasia to squamous carcinoma in the head and neck region: an epidemiological assessment. , 1997, Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum.

[18]  A. El‐Naggar,et al.  PRAD‐1 (CCND1)/Cyclin D1 oncogene amplification in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma , 1994, Cancer.

[19]  R A Laskey,et al.  Aberrant expression of minichromosome maintenance protein-2 and Ki67 in laryngeal squamous epithelial lesions , 2003, British Journal of Cancer.

[20]  F T Bosman,et al.  Dysplasia classification: pathology in disgrace? , 2001, The Journal of pathology.

[21]  M. Bračko.  Evaluation of DNA content in epithelial hyperplastic lesions of the larynx. , 1997, Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum.

[22]  A. Franchi,et al.  Downregulation of transforming growth factor β type II receptor in laryngeal carcinogenesis , 2001, Journal of clinical pathology.

[23]  R. Hruban,et al.  The incidence of p53 mutations increases with progression of head and neck cancer. , 1993, Cancer research.

[24]  S. Bianchi,et al.  Lack of detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) in transformed laryngeal keratoses by in situ hybridization (ISH) technique. , 1994, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[25]  Ralph,et al.  A Clinicopathologic Study , 2006 .

[26]  R. Shi,et al.  Molecular Analysis of Surgical Margins in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients , 2002, The Laryngoscope.

[27]  N. Colabianchi,et al.  Laryngeal cancer and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a case-control study. , 2006, The American journal of medicine.

[28]  Hellquist,et al.  Criteria for grading in the Ljubljana classification of epithelial hyperplastic laryngeal lesions. A study by members of the Working Group on Epithelial Hyperplastic Laryngeal Lesions of the European Society of Pathology , 1999, Histopathology.

[29]  Ekkehard Gbundmann.  CLASSIFICATION AND CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES OF PRECANCEROUS LESIONS IN THE DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY TRACTS , 1983 .

[30]  M. Strong,et al.  Natural history and management of keratosis, atypia, carcinoma-in situ, and microinvasive cancer of the larynx. , 1983, American journal of surgery.

[31]  J. Califano,et al.  Mitochondrial DNA Quantity Increases with Histopathologic Grade in Premalignant and Malignant Head and Neck Lesions , 2004, Clinical Cancer Research.

[32]  Y. Fu,et al.  Intraepithelial neoplasia of the larynx. A clinicopathologic study of six cases with DNA analysis. , 1986, Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery.

[33]  S. Parnes.  Asbestos and cancer of the larynx: Is there a relationship? , 1990, The Laryngoscope.

[34]  K. Gatter,et al.  p53 Overexpression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and dysplasia , 1995, Clinical molecular pathology.

[35]  M. Takumida,et al.  Reduced expression of p27 is correlated with progression in precancerous lesions of the larynx. , 2003, Auris, nasus, larynx.

[36]  P. Devriese,et al.  High Incidence of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer , 2000, The Laryngoscope.

[37]  M. Poljak,et al.  Epidermal growth factor receptor, c-erbB-2 and p53 overexpressions in epithelial hyperplastic lesions of the larynx. , 1997, Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum.

[38]  S. Landolfo,et al.  Demonstration of multiple HPV types in laryngeal premalignant lesions using polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry , 1999, Journal of medical virology.

[39]  R. Zarbo,et al.  Quantitation of DNA ploidy in squamous intraepithelial neoplasia of the laryngeal glottis. , 1991, Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery.

[40]  V. Kambič.  Difficulties in management of vocal cord precancerous lesions , 1978, The Journal of Laryngology & Otology.

[41]  N. Gale,et al.  Epithelial precursor lesions , 2005 .

[42]  N. Gale,et al.  Laryngeal hyperplastic lesions, follow-up study and application of lectins and anticytokeratins for their evaluation. , 1992, Pathology, research and practice.

[43]  G. Almadori,et al.  Multistep laryngeal carcinogenesis helps our understanding of the field cancerisation phenomenon: a review. , 2004, European journal of cancer.

[44]  C. la Vecchia,et al.  Laryngeal cancer in women: tobacco, alcohol, nutritional, and hormonal factors. , 2003, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[45]  S. Syrjänen,et al.  Human papilloma virus (HPV) antigens in lesions of laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. , 1982, ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties.

[46]  E. Campo,et al.  p53 expression in normal, dysplastic, and neoplastic laryngeal epithelium. Absence of a correlation with prognostic factors , 1995, The Journal of pathology.

[47]  S. Stringer,et al.  Carcinoma in situ of the glottic larynx: the role of radiotherapy. , 1993, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[48]  M. Birchall,et al.  Human papillomavirus infection in the etiology of laryngeal carcinoma , 2004, Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery.

[49]  J. Dillner,et al.  Alcohol, smoking and human papillomavirus in laryngeal carcinoma: a Nordic prospective multicenter study , 2007, Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.

[50]  R. Zarbo,et al.  Dysplasia, in situ carcinoma, and progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. , 1989, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[51]  B. Wenig.  Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract: Precursors and Problematic Variants , 2002, Modern Pathology.

[52]  A. Nadal,et al.  Molecular biology of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma , 2002, Virchows Archiv.

[53]  M. Faralli,et al.  Retrospective study on precancerous laryngeal lesions: long-term follow-up. , 2003, Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale.

[54]  J. Sterne,et al.  Human papillomavirus and head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis , 2006, Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery.

[55]  S. Syrjänen.  Human papillomavirus (HPV) in head and neck cancer. , 2005, Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology.

[56]  T. Calcaterra,et al.  Laryngeal dysplasia. A clinicopathologic study , 1995, Cancer.

[57]  E. Wynder,et al.  Comparative epidemiology of tobacco-related cancers. , 1977, Cancer research.

[58]  C. la Vecchia,et al.  Attributable risk for laryngeal cancer in northern Italy. , 1994, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[59]  Z. Szentirmay,et al.  Human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer: Molecular biology and clinicopathological correlations , 2005, Cancer and Metastasis Reviews.

[60]  A. Bernstein,et al.  Oncogenes in head and neck cancer , 1993, The Laryngoscope.

[61]  A. De Benedetti,et al.  Detection of the proto-oncogene eIF4E in larynx and hypopharynx cancers. , 1999, Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery.

[62]  V. Nicola,et al.  Epidemiological and clinical relief on hyperplastic lesions of the larynx. , 1997, Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum.

[63]  Thumfart Wf,et al.  Endolaryngeal laser surgery in the treatment of laryngeal cancers. The current Cologne concept , 1990 .

[64]  W. Hong,et al.  Dysregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in premalignant lesions during head and neck tumorigenesis. , 1994, Cancer research.

[65]  R. Sankaranarayanan,et al.  Upper Aerodigestive Tract , 2002 .

[66]  Zarbo Rj,et al.  Dysplasia, in situ carcinoma, and progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. , 1989 .

[67]  J. Califano,et al.  Molecular pathology of head‐and‐neck cancer , 2004, International journal of cancer.

[68]  E. Wynder,et al.  Tobacco, alcohol, asbestos, and occupational risk factors for laryngeal cancer , 1992, Cancer.

[69]  Putney Fj,et al.  The clinical significance of keratosis of the larynx as a premalignant lesion. , 1953 .

[70]  D. Slaughter,et al.  “Field cancerization” in oral stratified squamous epithelium. Clinical implications of multicentric origin , 1953, Cancer.

[71]  F. Chi,et al.  Study on ceramide expression and DNA content in patients with healthy mucosa, leukoplakia, and carcinoma of the larynx. , 2004, Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery.

[72]  J. Bombí,et al.  Precancerous lesions of the larynx: Clinical and pathologic correlations and prognostic aspects , 1994, Head & neck.

[73]  H. Lubsen,et al.  Premalignant laryngeal lesions. , 1992, Acta oto-rhino-laryngologica Belgica.

[74]  C. Painter,et al.  The transformation of laryngeal keratosis into invasive carcinoma. , 1989, American journal of otolaryngology.

[75]  A. Flahault,et al.  Human papillomavirus infection in the malignant and premalignant head and neck epithelium. , 1995, Diagnostic molecular pathology : the American journal of surgical pathology, part B.

[76]  M. Skolnick,et al.  Analysis of the p16 gene (CDKN2) as a candidate for the chromosome 9p melanoma susceptibility locus , 1994, Nature Genetics.

[77]  M. Poetsch,et al.  Divergent Patterns of Allelic Alterations in Premalignant Laryngeal Lesions Indicate Differences in the Impact of Morphological Grading Characteristics , 2005, Oncology.

[78]  Zhou Liang,et al.  The Expression of Proto‐Oncogene eIF4E in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma , 2003, The Laryngoscope.

[79]  A. De Benedetti,et al.  Progressive amplification and overexpression of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E gene in different zones of head and neck cancers. , 1999, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[80]  N. Gale,et al.  Expression of Ki-67 antigen and proliferative cell nuclear antigen in benign and malignant epithelial lesions of the larynx , 1996, The Journal of Laryngology & Otology.

[81]  N. Gale,et al.  Significance of keratosis and dyskeratosis for classifying hyperplastic aberrations of laryngeal mucosa. , 1986, American journal of otolaryngology.

[82]  M. Ranchod.  Upper aerodigestive tract. , 1996, Pathology.

[83]  M. Poljak,et al.  Human papillomaviruses: a study of their prevalence in the epithelial hyperplastic lesions of the larynx. , 1997, Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum.

[84]  V. Gorgoulis,et al.  Human papilloma virus (HPV) is possibly involved in laryngeal but not in lung carcinogenesis. , 1999, Human pathology.

[85]  A. Balmain,et al.  How many mutations are required for tumorigenesis? implications from human cancer data , 1993 .

[86]  N. Gale,et al.  Benign and Potentially Malignant Lesions of the Squamous Epithelium and Squamous Cell Carcinoma , 2006 .

[87]  E. Ioachim,et al.  Expression patterns of cyclins D1, E in laryngeal epithelial lesions: correlation with other cell cycle regulators (p53, pRb, Ki-67 and PCNA) and clinicopathological features. , 2004, Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR.

[88]  E. Gabrielson,et al.  Multiple head and neck tumors: evidence for a common clonal origin. , 1996, Cancer research.

[89]  R. Hruban,et al.  Frequent loss of chromosome 9p21-22 early in head and neck cancer progression. , 1994, Cancer research.

[90]  M. Poljak,et al.  Telomerase Reactivation Is an Early Event in Laryngeal Carcinogenesis , 2003, Modern Pathology.

[91]  J. Field.  Genomic instability in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. , 1996, Anticancer research.

[92]  N. Colabianchi,et al.  Is GERD a Risk Factor for Laryngeal Cancer? , 2005, The Laryngoscope.

[93]  Å. Krogdahl,et al.  Laryngeal dysplasia and the human papillomavirus. , 1997, Clinical otolaryngology and allied sciences.

[94]  M. Pillai,et al.  Cellular manifestations of human papillomavirus infection in laryngeal tissues , 2002, Journal of surgical oncology.

[95]  J. Peto,et al.  Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide , 1999, The Journal of pathology.

[96]  M. Poljak,et al.  Chromosomes 7,17 Polysomies and Overexpression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and p53 Protein in Epithelial Hyperplastic Laryngeal Lesions , 2000, Oncology.

[97]  Felicia L Johnson,et al.  Management of advanced premalignant laryngeal lesions , 2003, Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery.

[98]  D. Gnepp,et al.  Laryngeal precancer: A review of the literature, commentary, and comparison with oral leukoplakia , 1991, Head & neck.

[99]  J. O'keefe,et al.  The clinical significance of keratosis of the larynx as a premalignant lesion. , 1953, The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology.

[100]  A. Franchi,et al.  Microsatellite instability as an indicator of malignant progression in laryngeal premalignancy , 2006, Head & neck.

[101]  G. Pruneri,et al.  The predictive value of p53, MDM-2, cyclin D1 and Ki67 in the progression from low-grade dysplasia towards carcinoma of the larynx , 1998, The Journal of Laryngology & Otology.

[102]  H. Glanz,et al.  Laryngeale Epitheldysplasie vs. laryngeale intraepitheliale Neoplasie , 2004, Der Pathologe.

[103]  J. Herman,et al.  5′ CpG island methylation is associated with transcriptional silencing of the tumour suppressor p16/CDKN2/MTS1 in human cancers , 1995, Nature Medicine.

[104]  A. Venuti,et al.  Physical state and expression of human papillomavirus in laryngeal carcinoma and surrounding normal mucosa , 2000, Journal of medical virology.

[105]  E. de Stefani,et al.  Hand‐rolled cigarette smoking and risk of cancer of the mouth, pharynx, and larynx , 1992, Cancer.

[106]  D. Visscher,et al.  Premalignant lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract: Pathologic classification , 1993, Journal of cellular biochemistry. Supplement.

[107]  J. Wilson,et al.  Molecular markers in dysplasia of the larynx: expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21, p27 and p53 tumour suppressor gene in predicting cancer risk. , 2004, Clinical otolaryngology and allied sciences.

[108]  A. Parker,et al.  Management of laryngeal dysplasia: a review , 2006, European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head & Neck.

[109]  K. Chung,et al.  Polysomies of chromosomes 7 and 17 in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. , 1996, Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery.

[110]  K. Müller,et al.  Smoking habits and their relationship to precancerous lesions of the larynx , 2004, Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.

[111]  W. Mann,et al.  Evaluation of microsatellite amplifications at chromosomal locus 3q26 as surrogate marker for premalignant changes in mucosa surrounding head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. , 2006, Cancer genetics and cytogenetics.

[112]  A. Sonnenberg,et al.  Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a risk factor for laryngeal and pharyngeal cancer , 2001, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[113]  C. R. Leemans,et al.  A genetic explanation of Slaughter's concept of field cancerization: evidence and clinical implications. , 2003, Cancer research.

[114]  Kambic,et al.  Notre classification des hyperplasies de l'épithélium du larynx au point de vue pronostic. , 1971 .

[115]  G. Auer,et al.  Image cytometry DNA analysis of dysplastic squamous epithelial lesions in the larynx. , 1991, Anticancer research.

[116]  B. Woodson,et al.  Carcinoma of the larynx in patients with gastroesophageal reflux. , 1996, American journal of otolaryngology.

[117]  J. Delemarre,et al.  Squamous cell hyperplasia of the larynx , 1987, The Journal of Laryngology & Otology.

[118]  J. Veltman,et al.  Chromosome instability as an indicator of malignant progression in laryngeal mucosa. , 2000, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[119]  D. Spandidos,et al.  The role of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. , 1993, Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery.

[120]  G. Niehans,et al.  Immunohistochemical staining for markers of future neoplastic progression in the larynx. , 1996, Cancer research.

[121]  M. Fraczek,et al.  Expression patterns of cyclin E, cyclin A and CDC25 phosphatases in laryngeal carcinogenesis , 2007, European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.

[122]  A. De Benedetti,et al.  Analysis of surgical margins with the molecular marker eIF4E: a prognostic factor in patients with head and neck cancer. , 1999, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[123]  J. Ogura,et al.  Isolated laryngeal keratosis: Its relation to carcinoma of the larynx based on a clinicopathologic study of 87 consecutive cases with long‐term follow‐up , 1960 .

[124]  N. Agnantis,et al.  Cell cycle proteins in laryngeal cancer: role in proliferation and prognosis. , 2005, Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR.

[125]  G. Colucci,et al.  Laryngeal intraepithelial neoplasia (LIN). An analytical morphometric approach. , 1992, Pathology, Research and Practice.

[126]  M. Worsham,et al.  Molecular Differentiation of Early and Late Stage Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Exploratory Analysis , 2007, Diagnostic molecular pathology : the American journal of surgical pathology, part B.

[127]  C. Della Rocca,et al.  Evolution of precancerous laryngeal lesions: A clinicopathologic study with long‐term follow‐up on 259 patients , 2001, Head & neck.

[128]  W. Hong,et al.  Increased polysomies of chromosomes 7 and 17 during head and neck multistage tumorigenesis. , 1993, Cancer research.

[129]  Q. Lv,et al.  Allelic imbalance on chromosomes 3p, 9p and 17p in malignant progression of laryngeal mucosa. , 2008, The Journal of laryngology and otology.

[130]  G. Motta,et al.  [The CO2 laser in laryngeal microsurgery]. , 1987, Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale.

[131]  R. Robinson,et al.  Upper aerodigestive tract squamous dysplasia: correlation with p16, p53, pRb, and Ki-67 expression. , 2006, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine.

[132]  J. Califano,et al.  Genetic progression and clonal relationship of recurrent premalignant head and neck lesions. , 2000, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[133]  M. Goodman.  Keratosis (leukoplakia) of the larynx. , 1984, Otolaryngologic clinics of North America.

[134]  U. Pabuçcuoǧlu,et al.  Immunohistological comparison of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Ljubljana classifications on the grading of preneoplastic lesions of the larynx. , 2004, Pathology, research and practice.

[135]  A. Gasbarrini,et al.  Gastric surgery as a long-term risk factor for malignant lesions of the larynx. , 2003, Archives of surgery.

[136]  S. Piantadosi,et al.  Poster 7: A Genetic Progression Model for Head and Neck Cancer: Implications for Field Cancerization , 1996, Cancer research.

[137]  J. Grandis,et al.  The epidermal growth factor receptor signaling network in head and neck carcinogenesis and implications for targeted therapy. , 2004, Seminars in oncology.

[138]  M. Bacchi,et al.  Human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus infection, p53 expression, and cellular proliferation in laryngeal carcinoma. , 2006, American journal of clinical pathology.

[139]  C. Milgrom,et al.  A REPORT OF FOUR CASES , 1994 .

[140]  Risk of vocal chord dysplasia in relation to smoking, alcohol intake and occupation , 1990, European Journal of Epidemiology.

[141]  L. Turek,et al.  Human Papillomavirus and Risk of Laryngeal Cancer , 2000, The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology.

[142]  R. Shi,et al.  COX-2 expression in dysplasia of the head and neck: correlation with elF4E. , 2001, Cancer.

[143]  M. Poljak,et al.  Quantitative measurement of telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) mRNA in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. , 2001, Anticancer research.

[144]  R. Hasina,et al.  Head and neck cancer: the pursuit of molecular diagnostic markers. , 2004, Seminars in oncology.

[145]  R. Henry.  The transformation of laryngeal leucoplakia to cancer , 1979, The Journal of Laryngology & Otology.

[146]  F. Bosch,et al.  PRAD-1/cyclin D1 gene amplification correlates with messenger RNA overexpression and tumor progression in human laryngeal carcinomas. , 1994, Cancer research.

[147]  M. Hirano,et al.  Laser Surgery for Epithelial Hyperplasia of the Vocal Fold , 1993, The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology.

[148]  D. Hanson,et al.  Reflux as an etiological factor of carcinoma of the laryngopharynx , 1988, The Laryngoscope.

[149]  S. Zeitels.  Laser Versus Cold Instruments for Microlaryngoscopic Surgery , 1996, The Laryngoscope.

[150]  M. Torrente,et al.  Molecular detection and typing of human papillomavirus in laryngeal carcinoma specimens , 2005, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[151]  F. Fedok,et al.  Avoiding pitfalls and unfavorable outcomes in scar revision. , 2001, Facial plastic surgery : FPS.

[152]  C. Jackson.  CANCER OF THE LARYNX: IS IT PRECEDED BY A RECOGNIZABLE PRECANCEROUS CONDITION? , 1923, Annals of surgery.

[153]  R. Maestro,et al.  p53 over‐expression is an early event in the development of human squamous‐cell carcinoma of the larynx: Genetic and prognostic implications , 1992, International journal of cancer.

[154]  W. Park,et al.  Loss of Heterozygosity on Chromosomes 3p, 8p, 9p and 17p in the Progression of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Larynx , 2004, Journal of Korean medical science.

[155]  V. Kambič.  Epithelial hyperplastic lesions--a challenging topic in laryngology. , 1997, Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum.

[156]  M. Torrente,et al.  Exploring the relation between human papilloma virus and larynx cancer , 2007, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[157]  O. Olopade,et al.  Cyclin D1 Amplification and p16(MTS1/CDK4I) Deletion Correlate With Poor Prognosis in Head and Neck Tumors , 2002, The Laryngoscope.

[158]  N. Gale,et al.  Epithelial Hyperplastic Lesions of the Larynx , 1995 .

[159]  W. Hong,et al.  Activation of p53 gene expression in premalignant lesions during head and neck tumorigenesis. , 1994, Cancer research.

[160]  J. Myers,et al.  New trends in the etiology, diagnosis, and management of laryngeal dysplasia , 2001 .

[161]  M. Wells,et al.  Human papilloma viruses: a study of their prevalence in the normal larynx , 1994, The Journal of Laryngology & Otology.

[162]  G. Hannon,et al.  A new regulatory motif in cell-cycle control causing specific inhibition of cyclin D/CDK4 , 1993, Nature.

[163]  S. Kyo,et al.  Human telomerase reverse transcriptase as a critical determinant of telomerase activity in normal and malignant endometrial tissues , 1999, International journal of cancer.

[164]  N. Gale,et al.  Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract , 2009 .

[165]  Philip Sloan,et al.  Evaluation of a new binary system of grading oral epithelial dysplasia for prediction of malignant transformation. , 2006, Oral oncology.

[166]  M. Žargi,et al.  The role of testosterone in laryngeal carcinogenesis. , 1984, American journal of otolaryngology.

[167]  D. Swinkels,et al.  Quantitative measurement of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA in urothelial cell carcinomas , 2000, International journal of cancer.

[168]  R. Shi,et al.  COX‐2 expression in dysplasia of the head and neck , 2001 .

[169]  J. Crissman.  Laryngeal keratosis preceding laryngeal carcinoma. A report of four cases. , 1982, Archives of otolaryngology.

[170]  A. Parker,et al.  Laryngeal dysplasia: aetiology and molecular biology , 2005, The Journal of Laryngology & Otology.

[171]  Hugo Brito.  Detection of Human Papillomavirus in Laryngeal Squamous Dysplasia and Carcinoma. An In Situ Hybridization and Signal Amplification Study , 2000, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[172]  C. Kittas,et al.  Expression of p53 protein in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and dysplasia: possible correlation with human papillomavirus infection and clinicopathological findings , 2004, Virchows Archiv.

[173]  J. Olofsson,et al.  Hyperplasia, keratosis, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the vocal cords--a follow-up study. , 1982, Clinical otolaryngology and allied sciences.

[174]  F. F. F. D. L. Michaels MD.  Ear, Nose and Throat Histopathology , 1987, Springer London.

[175]  L. Barnes,et al.  Pathology and genetics of head and neck tumours , 2005 .

[176]  J. Crissman.  Laryngeal keratosis and subsequent carcinoma. , 1979, Head & neck surgery.

[177]  S. Syrjänen,et al.  Prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in vocal cords without laryngeal papillomas. , 1994, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[178]  J. Manola,et al.  TP53 mutations and survival in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[179]  J. Taube,et al.  Inverse Relationship between Human Papillomavirus-16 Infection and Disruptive p53 Gene Mutations in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck , 2008, Clinical Cancer Research.

[180]  H. Maier,et al.  Epidemiology of laryngeal cancer: results of the Heidelberg case-control study. , 1997, Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum.

[181]  N. Gale,et al.  Pathology of the Head and Neck , 2010 .

[182]  Iver Petersen,et al.  Is the p53 inactivation frequency in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck underestimated? Analysis of p53 exons 2-11 and human papillomavirus 16/18 E6 transcripts in 123 unselected tumor specimens. , 2003, Cancer research.

[183]  T. Calcaterra,et al.  Laryngeal Dysplasia: Epidemiology and Treatment Outcome , 1995, The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology.

[184]  A. J. Robertson,et al.  Consistency of histopathological reporting of laryngeal dysplasia , 2000 .

[185]  N. Tayama,et al.  Loss of Fhit Expression in Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Premalignant Lesions of the Larynx , 2005, The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology.