Nanoparticle-triggered in situ catalytic chemical reactions for tumour-specific therapy.

Tumour chemotherapy employs highly cytotoxic chemodrugs, which kill both cancer and normal cells by cellular apoptosis or necrosis non-selectively. Catalysing/triggering the specific chemical reactions only inside tumour tissues can generate abundant and special chemicals and products locally to initiate a series of unique biological and pathologic effects, which may enable tumour-specific theranostic effects to combat cancer without bringing about significant side effects on normal tissues. Nevertheless, chemical reaction-initiated selective tumour therapy strongly depends on the advances in chemistry, materials science, nanotechnology and biomedicine. This emerging cross-disciplinary research area is substantially different from conventional cancer-theranostic modalities in clinics. In response to the fast developments in cancer theranostics based on intratumoural catalytic chemical reactions, this tutorial review summarizes the very-recent research progress in the design and synthesis of representative nanoplatforms with intriguing nanostructures, compositions, physiochemical properties and biological behaviours for versatile catalytic chemical reaction-enabled cancer treatments, mainly by either endogenous tumour microenvironment (TME) triggering or exogenous physical irradiation. These unique intratumoural chemical reactions can be used in tumour-starving therapy, chemodynamic therapy, gas therapy, alleviation of tumour hypoxia, TME-responsive diagnostic imaging and stimuli-responsive drug release, and even externally triggered versatile therapeutics. In particular, the challenges and future developments of such a novel type of cancer-theranostic modality are discussed in detail to understand the future developments and prospects in this research area as far as possible. It is highly expected that this kind of unique tumour-specific therapeutics by triggering specific in situ catalytic chemical reactions inside tumours would provide a novel but efficient methodology for benefiting personalized biomedicine in combating cancer.

[1]  Jianlin Shi,et al.  Tumor-selective catalytic nanomedicine by nanocatalyst delivery , 2017, Nature Communications.

[2]  Ning Gu,et al.  Dual enzyme-like activities of iron oxide nanoparticles and their implication for diminishing cytotoxicity. , 2012, ACS nano.

[3]  I. Aoki,et al.  A pH-activatable nanoparticle with signal-amplification capabilities for non-invasive imaging of tumour malignancy. , 2016, Nature nanotechnology.

[4]  Jianlin Shi,et al.  Molecularly organic/inorganic hybrid hollow mesoporous organosilica nanocapsules with tumor-specific biodegradability and enhanced chemotherapeutic functionality. , 2017, Biomaterials.

[5]  John F. Callan,et al.  Carbon quantum dot-NO photoreleaser nanohybrids for two-photon phototherapy of hypoxic tumors. , 2015, Chemical communications.

[6]  Z. Qian,et al.  Intratumoral H2O2-triggered release of CO from a metal carbonyl-based nanomedicine for efficient CO therapy. , 2017, Chemical communications.

[7]  Zhuang Liu,et al.  Hollow MnO2 as a tumor-microenvironment-responsive biodegradable nano-platform for combination therapy favoring antitumor immune responses , 2017, Nature Communications.

[8]  Lianzhou Wang,et al.  Break‐up of Two‐Dimensional MnO2 Nanosheets Promotes Ultrasensitive pH‐Triggered Theranostics of Cancer , 2014, Advanced materials.

[9]  Zijian Guo,et al.  H2O2-activatable and O2-evolving nanoparticles for highly efficient and selective photodynamic therapy against hypoxic tumor cells. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[10]  Dalong Ni,et al.  Magnesium silicide nanoparticles as a deoxygenation agent for cancer starvation therapy. , 2017, Nature nanotechnology.

[11]  Hong Cheng,et al.  Cancer Cell Membrane Camouflaged Cascade Bioreactor for Cancer Targeted Starvation and Photodynamic Therapy. , 2017, ACS nano.

[12]  Liangzhu Feng,et al.  H2O2-responsive liposomal nanoprobe for photoacoustic inflammation imaging and tumor theranostics via in vivo chromogenic assay , 2017, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[13]  T. Hyeon,et al.  Continuous O2-Evolving MnFe2O4 Nanoparticle-Anchored Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Efficient Photodynamic Therapy in Hypoxic Cancer. , 2017, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[14]  Ting Liu,et al.  Bioconjugated Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticles Enhance Chemotherapy Response by Priming Tumor-Associated Macrophages toward M1-like Phenotype and Attenuating Tumor Hypoxia. , 2016, ACS nano.

[15]  Matthew P. Jacobson,et al.  Dysregulated pH: a perfect storm for cancer progression , 2011, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[16]  Han Lin,et al.  Metalloporphyrin-Encapsulated Biodegradable Nanosystems for Highly Efficient Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Sonodynamic Cancer Therapy. , 2017, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[17]  Chulhun Kang,et al.  Disulfide-cleavage-triggered chemosensors and their biological applications. , 2013, Chemical reviews.

[18]  C. Nathan,et al.  Production of large amounts of hydrogen peroxide by human tumor cells. , 1991, Cancer research.

[19]  R. Dacosta,et al.  Multifunctional albumin-MnO₂ nanoparticles modulate solid tumor microenvironment by attenuating hypoxia, acidosis, vascular endothelial growth factor and enhance radiation response. , 2014, ACS nano.

[20]  K. Kato,et al.  Remarkable tolerance of tumor cells to nutrient deprivation: possible new biochemical target for cancer therapy. , 2000, Cancer research.

[21]  Shige Wang,et al.  Hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles: a generic intelligent framework-hybridization approach for biomedicine. , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[22]  Wen-Xiu Qiu,et al.  Dual-Stage Light Amplified Photodynamic Therapy against Hypoxic Tumor Based on an O2 Self-Sufficient Nanoplatform. , 2017, Small.

[23]  Adrian L. Harris,et al.  Hypoxia — a key regulatory factor in tumour growth , 2002, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[24]  Zhuang Liu,et al.  Modulation of Hypoxia in Solid Tumor Microenvironment with MnO2 Nanoparticles to Enhance Photodynamic Therapy , 2016 .

[25]  Yingchun Zhu,et al.  Lysosome-controlled efficient ROS overproduction against cancer cells with a high pH-responsive catalytic nanosystem. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[26]  Chun-Wen Hsiao,et al.  An Implantable Depot That Can Generate Oxygen in Situ for Overcoming Hypoxia-Induced Resistance to Anticancer Drugs in Chemotherapy. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[27]  Wenpei Fan,et al.  Intelligent MnO2 Nanosheets Anchored with Upconversion Nanoprobes for Concurrent pH‐/H2O2‐Responsive UCL Imaging and Oxygen‐Elevated Synergetic Therapy , 2015, Advanced materials.

[28]  Xiaoyuan Chen,et al.  Tumor Microenvironment‐Triggered Supramolecular System as an In Situ Nanotheranostic Generator for Cancer Phototherapy , 2017, Advanced materials.

[29]  Z. Qian,et al.  NIR‐Responsive On‐Demand Release of CO from Metal Carbonyl‐Caged Graphene Oxide Nanomedicine , 2015, Advanced materials.

[30]  Jianlin Shi,et al.  Near infrared-assisted Fenton reaction for tumor-specific and mitochondrial DNA-targeted photochemotherapy. , 2017, Biomaterials.

[31]  J. Ji,et al.  Dual Enzymatic Reaction-Assisted Gemcitabine Delivery Systems for Programmed Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. , 2017, ACS nano.

[32]  Chen-Sheng Yeh,et al.  Ultrasound-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Mediated Therapy and Imaging Using a Fenton Reaction Activable Polymersome. , 2016, ACS nano.

[33]  Yi Liu,et al.  Glucose-Responsive Sequential Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide for Synergistic Cancer Starving-Like/Gas Therapy. , 2017, Angewandte Chemie.

[34]  Jianlin Shi,et al.  "Manganese Extraction" Strategy Enables Tumor-Sensitive Biodegradability and Theranostics of Nanoparticles. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[35]  Xinyang Zhang,et al.  Enhanced Cisplatin Chemotherapy by Iron Oxide Nanocarrier-Mediated Generation of Highly Toxic Reactive Oxygen Species. , 2017, Nano letters.

[36]  S. Sortino.  Light-controlled nitric oxide delivering molecular assemblies. , 2010, Chemical Society reviews.

[37]  Guofeng Zhang,et al.  Activatable Singlet Oxygen Generation from Lipid Hydroperoxide Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy. , 2017, Angewandte Chemie.

[38]  Zushun Xu,et al.  Carbon-Dot-Decorated Carbon Nitride Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy against Hypoxic Tumor via Water Splitting. , 2016, ACS nano.

[39]  Liangzhu Feng,et al.  CaCO3 nanoparticles as an ultra-sensitive tumor-pH-responsive nanoplatform enabling real-time drug release monitoring and cancer combination therapy. , 2016, Biomaterials.

[40]  Liangzhu Feng,et al.  Intelligent Albumin–MnO2 Nanoparticles as pH‐/H2O2‐Responsive Dissociable Nanocarriers to Modulate Tumor Hypoxia for Effective Combination Therapy , 2016, Advanced materials.

[41]  Kai Yang,et al.  Catalase‐Loaded TaOx Nanoshells as Bio‐Nanoreactors Combining High‐Z Element and Enzyme Delivery for Enhancing Radiotherapy , 2016, Advanced materials.

[42]  Cherie L. Stabler,et al.  Preventing hypoxia-induced cell death in beta cells and islets via hydrolytically activated, oxygen-generating biomaterials , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[43]  Xian‐Zheng Zhang,et al.  Switching Apoptosis to Ferroptosis: Metal-Organic Network for High-Efficiency Anticancer Therapy. , 2017, Nano letters.

[44]  Yuliang Zhao,et al.  Controllable Generation of Nitric Oxide by Near‐Infrared‐Sensitized Upconversion Nanoparticles for Tumor Therapy , 2015 .

[45]  Qigang Wang,et al.  Dual-Enzyme-Loaded Multifunctional Hybrid Nanogel System for Pathological Responsive Ultrasound Imaging and T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging. , 2015, ACS nano.

[46]  Samuel Achilefu,et al.  Breaking the Depth Dependency of Phototherapy with Cerenkov Radiation and Low Radiance Responsive Nanophotosensitizers , 2015, Nature nanotechnology.