Functional Analysis of V3A and Related Areas in Human Visual Cortex

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and cortical unfolding techniques, we analyzed the retinotopy, motion sensitivity, and functional organization of human area V3A. These data were compared with data from additional human cortical visual areas, including V1, V2, V3/VP, V4v, and MT (V5). Human V3A has a retinotopy that is similar to that reported previously in macaque: (1) it has a distinctive, continuous map of the contralateral hemifield immediately anterior to area V3, including a unique retinotopic representation of the upper visual field in superior occipital cortex; (2) in some cases the V3A foveal representation is displaced from and superior to the confluent foveal representations of V1, V2, V3, and VP; and (3) inferred receptive fields are significantly larger in human V3A, compared with those in more posterior areas such as V1. However, in other aspects human V3A appears quite different from its macaque counterpart: human V3A is relatively motion-selective, whereas human V3 is less so. In macaque, the situation is qualitatively reversed: V3 is reported to be prominently motion-selective, whereas V3A is less so. As in human and macaque MT, the contrast sensitivity appears quite high in human areas V3 and V3A.

[1]  G. E. Smith.  The Human Brain , 1924, Nature.

[2]  R. L. Valois,et al.  Psychophysical studies of monkey vision. I. Macaque luminosity and color vision tests. , 1974, Vision research.

[3]  B. Dow.  Functional classes of cells and their laminar distribution in monkey visual cortex. , 1974, Journal of neurophysiology.

[4]  W. H. Dobelle,et al.  The topography and variability of the primary visual cortex in man. , 1974, Journal of neurosurgery.

[5]  J. Lund,et al.  Interlaminar connections and pyramidal neuron organisation in the visual cortex, area 17, of the Macaque monkey , 1975 .

[6]  D. C. Essen,et al.  The topographic organization of rhesus monkey prestriate cortex. , 1978, The Journal of physiology.

[7]  S. Zeki,et al.  The third visual complex of rhesus monkey prestriate cortex. , 1978, The Journal of physiology.

[8]  S. Zeki.  Uniformity and diversity of structure and function in rhesus monkey prestriate visual cortex. , 1978, The Journal of physiology.

[9]  G. Blasdel,et al.  Physiological organization of layer 4 in macaque striate cortex , 1984, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[10]  D. Pollen,et al.  Spatial and temporal frequency selectivity of neurones in visual cortical areas V1 and V2 of the macaque monkey. , 1985, The Journal of physiology.

[11]  G. Blasdel,et al.  Intrinsic connections of macaque striate cortex: afferent and efferent connections of lamina 4C , 1985, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[12]  Ellen Covey,et al.  Cortical Visual Areas of the Macaque: Possible Substrates for Pattern Recognition Mechanisms , 1985 .

[13]  W. Newsome,et al.  The projections from striate cortex (V1) to areas V2 and V3 in the macaque monkey: Asymmetries, areal boundaries, and patchy connections , 1986, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[14]  D. J. Felleman,et al.  Anatomical and physiological asymmetries related to visual areas V3 and VP in macaque extrastriate cortex , 1986, Vision Research.

[15]  D. V. van Essen,et al.  Processing of color, form and disparity information in visual areas VP and V2 of ventral extrastriate cortex in the macaque monkey , 1986, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[16]  W T Newsome,et al.  Ventral posterior visual area of the macaque: Visual topography and areal boundaries , 1986, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[17]  D. J. Felleman,et al.  Receptive field properties of neurons in area V3 of macaque monkey extrastriate cortex. , 1987, Journal of neurophysiology.

[18]  Lowell D. Jacobson,et al.  Reponse suppression by extending sine-wave gratings within the receptive fields of neurons in visual cortical area V3A of the macaque monkey , 1987, Vision Research.

[19]  John H. R. Maunsell,et al.  Visual processing in monkey extrastriate cortex. , 1987, Annual review of neuroscience.

[20]  C. Gross,et al.  Visuotopic organization and extent of V3 and V4 of the macaque , 1988, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[21]  D. Pollen,et al.  Spatial and temporal frequency selectivity of neurons in visual cortical area V3A of the macaque monkey , 1988, Vision Research.

[22]  M. Hawken,et al.  Laminar organization and contrast sensitivity of direction-selective cells in the striate cortex of the Old World monkey , 1988, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[23]  E. Switkes,et al.  Functional anatomy of macaque striate cortex. III. Color , 1988, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[24]  E. Switkes,et al.  Functional anatomy of macaque striate cortex. II. Retinotopic organization , 1988, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[25]  J. Talairach,et al.  Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain: 3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging , 1988 .

[26]  C. Galletti,et al.  Gaze-dependent visual neurons in area V3A of monkey prestriate cortex , 1989, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[27]  R. Tootell,et al.  Functional anatomy of the second visual area (V2) in the macaque , 1989, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[28]  D. V. van Essen,et al.  Antibody labeling of functional subdivisions in visual cortex: Cat-301 immunoreactivity in striate and extrastriate cortex of the macaque monkey , 1990, Visual Neuroscience.

[29]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  Pathways for motion analysis: Cortical connections of the medial superior temporal and fundus of the superior temporal visual areas in the macaque , 1990, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[30]  D. C. Essen,et al.  Modular and hierarchical organization of extrastriate visual cortex in the macaque monkey. , 1990, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

[31]  John H. R. Maunsell,et al.  Coding of image contrast in central visual pathways of the macaque monkey , 1990, Vision Research.

[32]  F. Sharp,et al.  Diffusible neurotrophic factors for thalamic neurons are released from target neocortex and non-target cerebellum. , 1990, Progress in brain research.

[33]  D. J. Felleman,et al.  Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex. , 1991, Cerebral cortex.

[34]  P A Salin,et al.  Visual activity in areas V3a and V3 during reversible inactivation of area V1 in the macaque monkey. , 1991, Journal of neurophysiology.

[35]  C. Colby,et al.  Heterogeneity of extrastriate visual areas and multiple parietal areas in the Macaque monkey , 1991, Neuropsychologia.

[36]  Bogdan Dreher,et al.  Neuroanatomy of the Visual Pathways and Their Development , 1991 .

[37]  R. Turner,et al.  Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[38]  R. S. Hinks,et al.  Time course EPI of human brain function during task activation , 1992, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[39]  D C Van Essen,et al.  Information processing in the primate visual system: an integrated systems perspective. , 1992, Science.

[40]  Ravi S. Menon,et al.  Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[41]  J. Mazziotta,et al.  Rapid Automated Algorithm for Aligning and Reslicing PET Images , 1992, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[42]  F. Crick,et al.  Backwardness of human neuroanatomy , 1993, Nature.

[43]  Richard S. J. Frackowiak,et al.  Area V5 of the human brain: evidence from a combined study using positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. , 1993, Cerebral cortex.

[44]  Jonathan D. Cohen,et al.  Functional topographic mapping of the cortical ribbon in human vision with conventional MRI scanners , 1993, Nature.

[45]  L A Krubitzer,et al.  The dorsomedial visual area of owl monkeys: Connections, myeloarchitecture, and homologies in other primates , 1993, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[46]  A. Dale,et al.  Improved Localizadon of Cortical Activity by Combining EEG and MEG with MRI Cortical Surface Reconstruction: A Linear Approach , 1993, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[47]  R. Frostig,et al.  Cortical point-spread function and long-range lateral interactions revealed by real-time optical imaging of macaque monkey primary visual cortex , 1994, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[48]  E. DeYoe,et al.  Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) of the human brain , 1994, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[49]  Stuart Tugendreich,et al.  Alu sequences in RMSA-1 protein? , 1994, Nature.

[50]  M I Sereno,et al.  Analysis of retinotopic maps in extrastriate cortex. , 1994, Cerebral cortex.

[51]  S Zeki,et al.  The brain activity related to residual motion vision in a patient with bilateral lesions of V5. , 1994, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[52]  S. Zeki,et al.  The cerebral activity related to the visual perception of forward motion in depth. , 1994, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[53]  G. Orban,et al.  Many areas in the human brain respond to visual motion. , 1994, Journal of neurophysiology.

[54]  John C. Gore,et al.  Brain activation associated with visual motion studied by functional magnetic resonance imaging in humans , 1994 .

[55]  J. B. Levitt,et al.  Independence and merger of thalamocortical channels within macaque monkey primary visual cortex: Anatomy of interlaminar projections , 1994, Visual Neuroscience.

[56]  J. Kaas,et al.  The evolution of isocortex. , 1995, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[57]  J W Belliveau,et al.  Borders of multiple visual areas in humans revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. , 1995, Science.

[58]  D. Ts'o,et al.  Visual topography in primate V2: multiple representation across functional stripes , 1995, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[59]  R. Tootell,et al.  Anatomical evidence for MT and additional cortical visual areas in humans. , 1995, Cerebral cortex.

[60]  J. Kaas.  Human Visual Cortex: Progress and puzzles , 1995, Current Biology.

[61]  Richard S. J. Frackowiak,et al.  Retinotopic Maps in Human Prestriate Visual Cortex: The Demarcation of Areas V2 and V3 , 1995, NeuroImage.

[62]  Bruce R. Rosen,et al.  Motion detection and correction in functional MR imaging , 1995 .

[63]  A. Dale,et al.  Visual motion aftereffect in human cortical area MT revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging , 1995, Nature.

[64]  R. Andersen,et al.  Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging , 1995, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[65]  D. V. van Essen,et al.  Computerized Mappings of the Cerebral Cortex: A Multiresolution Flattening Method and a Surface-Based Coordinate System , 1996, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[66]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Movement‐Related effects in fMRI time‐series , 1996, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[67]  G. H. Jacobs.  Primate photopigments and primate color vision. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[68]  A. Dale,et al.  New images from human visual cortex , 1996, Trends in Neurosciences.

[69]  Stimulating brain but not mind , 1996, Nature.

[70]  S E Petersen,et al.  Detection of cortical activation during averaged single trials of a cognitive task using functional magnetic resonance imaging. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[71]  J. Kaas,et al.  Topographic patterns of V2 cortical connections in macaque monkeys , 1996, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[72]  A. M. Dale,et al.  FMRI analysis of human visual cortical area V3A , 1996, NeuroImage.

[73]  E. DeYoe,et al.  Mapping striate and extrastriate visual areas in human cerebral cortex. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[74]  Stephen A. Engel.  Looking into the Black Box: New Directions in Neuroimaging , 1996, Neuron.

[75]  D. Heeger,et al.  Linear Systems Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Human V1 , 1996, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[76]  Anders M. Dale,et al.  Representation of motion boundaries in retinotopic human visual cortical areas , 1997, Nature.

[77]  Semir Zeki,et al.  Mapping and topographic organization of the visual field in human area V4 as revealed by fMRI. , 1997 .

[78]  R. S. J. Frackowiak,et al.  The Activity in Human Areas V1/V2, V3, and V5 during the Perception of Coherent and Incoherent Motion , 1996, NeuroImage.

[79]  D. J. Felleman,et al.  Cortical connections of areas V3 and VP of macaque monkey extrastriate visual cortex , 1997, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[80]  G. Glover,et al.  Retinotopic organization in human visual cortex and the spatial precision of functional MRI. , 1997, Cerebral cortex.