Frankfort horizontal plane is an appropriate three-dimensinal reference in the evaluation of clinical and skeletal cant

Objectives In three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT), the cant is evaluated by measuring the distance between the reference plane (or line) and the tooth. The purpose of this study was to determine the horizontal skeletal reference plane that showed the greatest correlation with clinical evaluation. Materials and Methods The subjects were 15 patients who closed their eyes during the CT image taking process. The menton points of all patients deviated by more than 3 mm. In the first evaluation, clinical cant was measured. The distance from the inner canthus to the ipsilateral canine tip and the distance from the eyelid to the ipsilateral first molar were obtained. The distance between the left and right sides was also measured. In the second evaluation, skeletal cant was measured. Six reference planes and one line were used for the evaluation of occlusal cant: 1) FH plane R: Or.R - Or.L - Po.R; 2) FH plane L: Or.R - Or.L - Po.L; 3) F. Ovale plane R: Rt.F.Ovale - Lt.F.Ovale - Or.R; 4) F. Ovale plane L: Rt.F.Ovale - Lt.F.Ovale - Or.L; 5) FZS plane R: Rt.FZS - Lt.FZS - Po.R; 6) FZS plane R: Rt.FZS - Lt.FZS - Po.L, and; 7) FZS line: Rt.FZS - Lt.FZS. Results The clinical and skeletal cants were compared using linear regression analysis. The FH plane R, FH plane L, and FZS line showed the highest correlation (P<0.05). Conclusion The FH plane R and FH plane L are the most appropriate horizontal reference plane in evaluation of occlusal cant on 3D-CT.

[1]  Hyeon-Min Kim,et al.  Displacement of dental implants into the focal osteoporotic bone marrow defect: a report of three cases , 2013, Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[2]  Tae-Wan Kim,et al.  Open reduction and internal fixation of mandibular fracture in an 11-month-old infant: a case report , 2013, Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[3]  P. van der Stelt,et al.  Precision of identifying cephalometric landmarks with cone beam computed tomography in vivo. , 2013, European journal of orthodontics.

[4]  S Peck,et al.  Skeletal asymmetry in esthetically pleasing faces. , 2009, The Angle orthodontist.

[5]  E. O. Bergersen,et al.  Enlargement and distortion in cephalometric radiography: compensation tables for linear measurements. , 2009, The Angle orthodontist.

[6]  L. Kaban,et al.  Measurement and interpretation of a maxillary occlusal cant in the frontal plane. , 2008, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[7]  Hyeon-Shik Hwang,et al.  Maxillofacial 3-dimensional image analysis for the diagnosis of facial asymmetry. , 2006, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[8]  A. Katsumata,et al.  3D-CT evaluation of facial asymmetry. , 2005, Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics.

[9]  P. Mossey,et al.  Posteroanterior Cephalometric Analysis of the Parental Craniofacial Morphology in Orofacial Clefting , 2003, The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association.

[10]  B. Cho,et al.  Bimaxillary osteodistraction for the treatment of facial asymmetry in adults. , 2001, British journal of plastic surgery.

[11]  D. Laufer,et al.  Intraoral distraction osteogenesis of the mandible in hemifacial microsomia. , 2001, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[12]  M W Vannier,et al.  The validation of 3D spiral CT-based measurements of simulated maxillofacial neoplasms. , 2000, Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics.

[13]  B Kusnoto,et al.  Assessment of 3-dimensional computer-generated cephalometric measurements. , 1999, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[14]  L. Kaban,et al.  Occlusal cant in the frontal plane as a reflection of facial asymmetry. , 1997, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[15]  A. Figueroa,et al.  Longitudinal Analysis of Mandibular Asymmetry in Hemifacial Microsomia , 1997, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[16]  W. Vach,et al.  Determining mandibular condyle and ramus height with the help of an Orthopantomogram--a valid method? , 1996, Journal of oral rehabilitation.

[17]  R A Fuhrmann,et al.  Three-dimensional imaging of craniomaxillofacial structures with a standard personal computer. , 1995, Dento maxillo facial radiology.

[18]  V F Ferrario,et al.  Distance from symmetry: a three-dimensional evaluation of facial asymmetry. , 1994, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[19]  W. Bell,et al.  Modern practice in orthognathic and reconstructive surgery , 1993 .

[20]  V F Ferrario,et al.  Craniofacial morphometry by photographic evaluations. , 1993, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[21]  W. Proffit,et al.  Surgical-Orthodontic Treatment , 1990 .

[22]  M W Vannier,et al.  Validation study of skull three-dimensional computerized tomography measurements. , 1990, American journal of physical anthropology.

[23]  E V Staab,et al.  A method for three-dimensional image reformation for quantitative cephalometric analysis. , 1989, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[24]  F L Bookstein,et al.  The three-dimensional cephalogram: theory, technique, and clinical application. , 1988, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[25]  T. Hansson,et al.  The Orthopantomogram, an aid in diagnosis of temporomandibular joint problems. II. The vertical symmetry. , 1988, Journal of oral rehabilitation.

[26]  Karen Lu.  HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF THE HUMAN FACE. , 1965, Biometrics.

[27]  J. Reyneke.  Essentials of Orthognathic Surgery , 2003 .

[28]  P. Ward-Booth,et al.  Modern practice in orthognathic and reconstructive surgery , 1994 .

[29]  U Welander,et al.  The cephalometric projection. Part II. Principles of image distortion in cephalography. , 1983, Dento maxillo facial radiology.