Conducting polymers-based electrochemical supercapacitors—Progress and prospects

Abstract The progress in the field of electrochemical supercapacitors employing polyaniline and polypyrrole during the past decade is reviewed, with special emphasis on electrochemical characterization techniques. The magnitude of the specific capacitance from the galvanostatic charge–discharge studies, cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy has been compiled. The merit of the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in deducing the system parameters is pointed out. The unsolved issues pertaining to the conducting polymers based supercapacitors are highlighted.

[1]  Vinay Gupta,et al.  Electrochemically Deposited Polyaniline Nanowire’s Network A High-Performance Electrode Material for Redox Supercapacitor , 2005 .

[2]  Wenhui Song,et al.  Electrochemical preparation and electrochemical behavior of polypyrrole/carbon nanotube composite films , 2009 .

[3]  M. V. Sangaranarayanan,et al.  Polyaniline-based nickel electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors—Influence of Triton X-100 , 2006 .

[4]  L. Dao,et al.  Electropolymerization of aniline on carbonized polyacrylonitrile aerogel electrodes: applications for supercapacitors , 2003 .

[5]  Seon Jeong Kim,et al.  Hydrogel-Assisted Polyaniline Microfiber as Controllable Electrochemical Actuatable Supercapacitor , 2009 .

[6]  F. Béguin,et al.  Supercapacitors based on conducting polymers/nanotubes composites , 2006 .

[7]  E. Frąckowiak,et al.  Carbon nanotubes and their composites in electrochemical applications , 2011 .

[8]  Xiaogang Zhang,et al.  Fabrication and electrochemical capacitance of hierarchical graphene/polyaniline/carbon nanotube ternary composite film , 2011 .

[9]  Jianling Li,et al.  Activated carbon coated with polyaniline as an electrode material in supercapacitors , 2008 .

[10]  D. Dhawale,et al.  Fuzzy nanofibrous network of polyaniline electrode for supercapacitor application , 2010 .

[11]  Shimshon Gottesfeld,et al.  Conducting polymers as active materials in electrochemical capacitors , 1994 .

[12]  Yanwei Ma,et al.  Synthesis of Polypyrrole-Intercalated Layered Manganese Oxide Nanocomposite by a Delamination∕Reassembling Method and Its Electrochemical Capacitance Performance , 2009 .

[13]  G. Inzelt,et al.  Preparation and characterization of RuO2/polyaniline composite electrodes , 2010 .

[14]  H. Upadhyaya,et al.  Polypyrrole and poly(3-methyl thiophene)-based solid state redox supercapacitors using ion conducting polymer electrolyte , 2002 .

[15]  Quli Fan,et al.  One‐Step Electrochemical Synthesis of Graphene/Polyaniline Composite Film and Its Applications , 2011 .

[16]  S. Seal,et al.  Multiwall carbon nanotube-poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) supported polypyrrole/manganese oxide nano-composites for high performance electrochemical electrodes , 2010 .

[17]  W. Shi,et al.  Characterisation of doped polypyrrole/manganese oxide nanocomposite for supercapacitor electrodes , 2011 .

[18]  Youngkwan Lee,et al.  Fabrication of polypyrrole (PPy)/carbon nanotube (CNT) composite electrode on ceramic fabric for supercapacitor applications , 2011 .

[19]  Bhanu Nandan,et al.  Vertically oriented arrays of polyaniline nanorods and their super electrochemical properties. , 2009, Chemical communications.

[20]  S. Fan,et al.  The role of anthraquinone sulfonate dopants in promoting performance of polypyrrole composites as pseudo-capacitive electrode materials , 2010 .

[21]  C. Lokhande,et al.  Two step novel chemical synthesis of polypyrrole nanoplates for supercapacitor application , 2011 .

[22]  Hao Zhang,et al.  Influence of microstructure on the capacitive performance of polyaniline/carbon nanotube array composite electrodes , 2009 .

[23]  Xiaoyan Zhang,et al.  Configuration and capacitance properties of polypyrrole/aligned carbon nanotubes synthesized by electropolymerization , 2011 .

[24]  Hidetaka Konno,et al.  Carbon materials for electrochemical capacitors , 2010 .

[25]  Ismayil Nurulla,et al.  Solid-state synthesis and characterization of polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite , 2011 .

[26]  Jiyoung Oh,et al.  Preparation and electrochemical characterization of porous SWNT-PPy nanocomposite sheets for supercapacitor applications , 2008 .

[27]  M. Kumar,et al.  LiClO4-doped plasticized chitosan as biodegradable polymer gel electrolyte for supercapacitors , 2009 .

[28]  W. Schmickler Electronic Effects in the Electric Double Layer. , 1996, Chemical reviews.

[29]  B. C. Kim,et al.  Performance evaluation of CNT/polypyrrole/MnO2 composite electrodes for electrochemical capacitors , 2007 .

[30]  I. Zhitomirsky,et al.  Electrodeposition and Capacitive Behavior of Films for Electrodes of Electrochemical Supercapacitors , 2010, Nanoscale research letters.

[31]  R. Slade,et al.  Polymer electrodes doped with heteropolymetallates and their use within solid-state supercapacitors , 2003 .

[32]  R. Ramya,et al.  Analysis of polypyrrole-coated stainless steel electrodes — Estimation of specific capacitances and construction of equivalent circuits , 2008 .

[33]  N. Munichandraiah,et al.  High capacitance properties of polyaniline by electrochemical deposition on a porous carbon substrate , 2007 .

[34]  Jing Zhang,et al.  Synthesis of polypyrrole film by pulse galvanostatic method and its application as supercapacitor electrode materials , 2010 .

[35]  R. Holze,et al.  Ion size and size memory effects with electropolymerized polyaniline , 2002 .

[36]  Shuying An,et al.  Microwave-assisted synthesis and electrochemical capacitance of polyaniline/multi-wall carbon nanotubes composite , 2007 .

[37]  Chao Yang,et al.  Polypyrrole/conductive mica composites: Preparation, characterization, and application in supercapacitor , 2010 .

[38]  S. Trasatti Work function, electronegativity, and electrochemical behaviour of metals: III. Electrolytic hydrogen evolution in acid solutions , 1972 .

[39]  D. Vrbanic,et al.  Interfacial polymerization of pyrrole and in situ synthesis of polypyrrole/silver nanocomposites , 2007 .

[40]  A. Samui,et al.  All solid supercapacitor based on polyaniline and crosslinked sulfonated poly[ether ether ketone] , 2010 .

[41]  Xiaogang Zhang,et al.  Preparation and electrochemical properties of polyaniline doped with benzenesulfonic functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes , 2010 .

[42]  D. Dhawale,et al.  Stable nanostructured polyaniline electrode for supercapacitor application , 2011 .

[43]  Wanzhi. Wei,et al.  The effect of the polyaniline morphology on the performance of polyaniline supercapacitors , 2005 .

[44]  Gleb Yushin,et al.  Detonation Nanodiamond and Onion‐Like‐Carbon‐Embedded Polyaniline for Supercapacitors , 2010 .

[45]  Yunhong Zhou,et al.  Capacitive of characteristics of manganese oxides and polyaniline composite thin film deposited on porous carbon , 2005 .

[46]  F. Wei,et al.  Preparation of graphene nanosheet/carbon nanotube/polyaniline composite as electrode material for supercapacitors , 2010 .

[47]  Min Wang,et al.  Effects of counterions on pseudocapacitance performance of polyaniline in sulfuric acid and p-toluene sulphonic acid electrolyte , 2010 .

[48]  M. Vijayan,et al.  Electrochemical synthesis and studies of polypyrroles doped by renewable dopant cardanol azophenylsulfonic acid derived from cashew nutshells , 2009 .

[49]  L. Kong,et al.  Nano-composite of polypyrrole/modified mesoporous carbon for electrochemical capacitor application , 2010 .

[50]  N. Pan,et al.  Preparation and comparison of two electrodes for supercapacitors: Pani/CNT/Ni and Pani/Alizarin‐treated nickel , 2009 .

[51]  W. Cao,et al.  Preparation of cotton-shaped CNT/PANI composite and its electrochemical performances , 2011 .

[52]  S. G. Kandalkar,et al.  Chemical synthesis of cobalt oxide thin film electrode for supercapacitor application , 2010 .

[53]  C. Lokhande,et al.  Supercapacitors based on electrochemically deposited polypyrrole nanobricks , 2011 .

[54]  P. Delahay,et al.  Double Layer and Electrode Kinetics , 1965 .

[55]  Bin Zhang,et al.  A Facile Synthesis of Polypyrrole/Carbon Nanotube Composites with Ultrathin, Uniform and Thickness-Tunable Polypyrrole Shells , 2011, Nanoscale research letters.

[56]  R. Prakash,et al.  Interfacial polymerization of carbazole: Morphology controlled synthesis , 2010 .

[57]  W. Xing,et al.  Preparation of polyaniline‐coated mesoporous carbon and its enhanced electrochemical properties , 2009 .

[58]  Tingmei Wang,et al.  Praseodymium oxide/polypyrrole nanocomposites for electrochemical energy storage , 2011 .

[59]  W. Thielemans,et al.  Electrochemical Capacitance of Nanocomposite Polypyrrole/Cellulose Films , 2010 .

[60]  Li Li Zhang,et al.  Layered graphene oxide nanostructures with sandwiched conducting polymers as supercapacitor electrodes. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[61]  Xiaobo Ji,et al.  Electrochemical capacitors utilising transition metal oxides: an update of recent developments , 2011 .

[62]  P. Simon,et al.  Polypyrrole-Fe2O3 nanohybrid materials for electrochemical storage , 2006 .

[63]  Chunzhong Li,et al.  Fabrication and electrochemical characterization of polyaniline nanorods modified with sulfonated carbon nanotubes for supercapacitor applications , 2011 .

[64]  Chunlei Wang,et al.  Micro-supercapacitors based on three dimensional interdigital polypyrrole/C-MEMS electrodes , 2011 .

[65]  Hua Zhao,et al.  Flexible electrodes based on polypyrrole/manganese dioxide/polypropylene fibrous membrane composite for supercapacitor , 2011 .

[66]  B. C. Kim,et al.  A novel capacitor material based on nafion-doped polypyrrole , 2008 .

[67]  Usefulness of a composite electrode with a carbon surface modified by electrosynthesized polypyrrole for supercapacitor applications , 2010 .

[68]  François Béguin,et al.  Determination of the specific capacitance of conducting polymer/nanotubes composite electrodes using different cell configurations , 2005 .

[69]  S. Ramaprabhu,et al.  A non-aqueous electrolyte-based asymmetric supercapacitor with polymer and metal oxide/multiwalled carbon nanotube electrodes , 2009 .

[70]  A. Samui,et al.  All-solid-supercapacitor based on polyaniline and sulfonated polymers , 2006 .

[71]  Yat Li,et al.  Synthesis and pseudocapacitive studies of composite films of polyaniline and manganese oxide nanoparticles , 2010 .

[72]  Z. Mandić,et al.  Polyaniline as cathodic material for electrochemical energy sources The role of morphology , 2009 .

[73]  O. Park,et al.  Capacitance properties of graphite/polypyrrole composite electrode prepared by chemical polymerization of pyrrole on graphite fiber , 2002 .

[74]  Li-Zhen Fan,et al.  High-performance polypyrrole electrode materials for redox supercapacitors , 2006 .

[75]  Maria Forsyth,et al.  Electrochemical performance of polyaniline nanofibres and polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite as an electrode material for aqueous redox supercapacitors , 2007 .

[76]  C. Das,et al.  Electrochemical characterization of in situ polypyrrole coated graphene nanocomposites , 2011 .

[77]  P. Pickup,et al.  Ru oxide supercapacitors with high loadings and high power and energy densities , 2008 .

[78]  G. Chen,et al.  Studies of deposition of and charge storage in polypyrrole–chloride and polypyrrole–carbon nanotube composites with an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance , 2004 .

[79]  Ten-Chin Wen,et al.  Electrochemical and capacitive properties of polyaniline-implanted porous carbon electrode for supercapacitors , 2003 .

[80]  S. Palaniappan,et al.  High-temperature oxidation of aniline to highly ordered polyaniline–sulfate salt with a nanofiber morphology and its use as electrode materials in symmetric supercapacitors , 2011 .

[81]  Aifang Yu,et al.  An All‐Solid‐State Flexible Micro‐supercapacitor on a Chip , 2011 .

[82]  Y. Gogotsi,et al.  Materials for electrochemical capacitors. , 2008, Nature materials.

[83]  Xingbin Yan,et al.  Fabrication of carbon nanofiber-polyaniline composite flexible paper for supercapacitor. , 2011, Nanoscale.

[84]  Changhong Liu,et al.  Flexible carbon nanotube/polyaniline paper-like films and their enhanced electrochemical properties , 2009 .

[85]  A. Hollenkamp,et al.  Carbon properties and their role in supercapacitors , 2006 .

[86]  M. Ingram,et al.  ‘Activated’ polypyrrole electrodes for high-power supercapacitor applications , 2004 .

[87]  Hai-Bo Lu,et al.  Hybrid supercapacitor based on polyaniline doped with lithium salt and activated carbon electrodes , 2009 .

[88]  Zhixiang Wei,et al.  Conducting Polyaniline Nanowire Arrays for High Performance Supercapacitors , 2010 .

[89]  Ashok Kumar,et al.  Electrochemical redox supercapacitors using PVdF-HFP based gel electrolytes and polypyrrole as conducting polymer electrode , 2006 .

[90]  N. Munichandraiah,et al.  Analysis of electrochemical impedance of polyaniline films prepared by galvanostatic, potentiostatic and potentiodynamic methods , 2005 .

[91]  L. Pilan,et al.  Electrochemical fabrication and capacitance of composite films of carbon nanotubes and polyaniline , 2010 .

[92]  S. Devi,et al.  Novel chemically synthesized polyaniline electrodes containing a fluoroboric acid dopant for supercapacitors , 2008 .

[93]  Xiaofen Li,et al.  Electrosynthesis and capacitive performance of polyaniline–polypyrrole composite , 2011 .

[94]  M. Sangaranarayanan,et al.  Analysis of polyaniline-based nickel electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors , 2006 .

[95]  Zhiyu Jiang,et al.  Nano-polypyrrole supercapacitor arrays prepared by layer-by-layer assembling method in anodic aluminum oxide templates , 2006 .

[96]  Zhongjie Huang,et al.  Fabrication of nanocomposite electrode with MnO2 nanoparticles distributed in polyaniline for electrochemical capacitors , 2010 .

[97]  F. Béguin,et al.  Carbon materials for the electrochemical storage of energy in capacitors , 2001 .

[98]  D. Y. Kim,et al.  Supercapacitive properties of polyaniline/Nafion/hydrous RuO2 composite electrodes , 2007 .

[99]  Xinyu Zhang,et al.  Nanofibers of polyaniline synthesized by interfacial polymerization , 2004 .

[100]  Ashok Kumar,et al.  Investigations on electrochemical supercapacitors using polypyrrole redox electrodes and PMMA based gel electrolytes , 2005 .

[101]  Qiang Liu,et al.  Brushed-on flexible supercapacitor sheets using a nanocomposite of polyaniline and carbon nanotubes , 2010 .

[102]  Xiaogang Zhang,et al.  Polyaniline nanofibers as the electrode material for supercapacitors , 2008 .

[103]  Youlong Xu,et al.  Template-free prepared micro/nanostructured polypyrrole with ultrafast charging/discharging rate and long cycle life , 2011 .

[104]  Hsisheng Teng,et al.  Polyaniline-deposited porous carbon electrode for supercapacitor , 2003 .

[105]  F. Béguin,et al.  Capacitance properties of ordered porous carbon materials prepared by a templating procedure , 2004 .

[106]  Qiangfeng Xiao,et al.  The study of multiwalled carbon nanotube deposited with conducting polymer for supercapacitor , 2003 .

[107]  Youlong Xu,et al.  Capacitance properties of single wall carbon nanotube/polypyrrole composite films , 2007 .

[108]  Dajun Chen,et al.  Facile preparation and enhanced capacitance of the polyaniline/sodium alginate nanofiber network for supercapacitors. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[109]  I. Honma,et al.  MnO2 assisted oxidative polymerization of aniline on graphene sheets: Superior nanocomposite electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors , 2011 .

[110]  A. Manthiram,et al.  Rapid, Facile Microwave-Solvothermal Synthesis of Graphene Nanosheets and Their Polyaniline Nanocomposites for Energy Strorage , 2009 .

[111]  J. Badiali Contribution of the metal to the differential capacitance of the ideally polarizable electrode , 1986 .

[112]  Rudolf Holze,et al.  Copolymers—A refined way to tailor intrinsically conducting polymers , 2011 .

[113]  S. Radhakrishnan,et al.  Performance of conducting polyaniline‐DBSA and polyaniline‐DBSA/Fe3O4 composites as electrode materials for aqueous redox supercapacitors , 2011 .

[114]  Kwang Man Kim,et al.  Polyaniline doped with dimethylsulfate as a polymer electrode for all solid-state power source system , 2004 .

[115]  Srinivasan Sampath,et al.  Hydrogel-polymer electrolytes for electrochemical capacitors: an overview , 2009 .

[116]  Anran Liu,et al.  Electrochemical Deposition of Polypyrrole/Sulfonated Graphene Composite Films , 2010 .

[117]  A. Subramania,et al.  Polyaniline nanofibers by surfactant‐assisted dilute polymerization for supercapacitor applications , 2008 .

[118]  F. Meng,et al.  Sub‐Micrometer‐Thick All‐Solid‐State Supercapacitors with High Power and Energy Densities , 2011, Advanced materials.

[119]  T. Mallouk,et al.  Morphology of Template-Grown Polyaniline Nanowires and Its Effect on the Electrochemical Capacitance of Nanowire Arrays , 2008 .

[120]  Ashok Kumar,et al.  Enhanced electrochemical stability of all-polymer redox supercapacitors with modified polypyrrole electrodes , 2006 .

[121]  Maria Strømme,et al.  Cycling stability and self-protective properties of a paper-based polypyrrole energy storage device , 2011 .

[122]  J. Madden,et al.  Towards high power polypyrrole/carbon capacitors , 2005 .

[123]  L. Pilan,et al.  Nanocomposite Films Obtained by Electrochemical Codeposition of Conducting Polymers and Carbon Nanotubes , 2009 .

[124]  C. Lokhande,et al.  Metal oxide thin film based supercapacitors , 2011 .

[125]  Yun Lu,et al.  Conducting polypyrrole with nanoscale hierarchical structure , 2010 .

[126]  Weifeng Wei,et al.  Manganese oxide-based materials as electrochemical supercapacitor electrodes. , 2011, Chemical Society reviews.

[127]  K. Ryu,et al.  Electrochemical capacitor composed of doped polyaniline and polymer electrolyte membrane , 2003 .

[128]  A. Samui,et al.  All-solid supercapacitor based on polyaniline and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) , 2003 .

[129]  S. Jiao,et al.  Electrochemically assembling of a porous nano-polyaniline network in a reverse micelle and its application in a supercapacitor , 2011 .

[130]  Hai-Bo Lu,et al.  Investigation of polyaniline co-doped with Zn2+ and H+ as the electrode material for electrochemical supercapacitors , 2010 .

[131]  Kwang Man Kim,et al.  Synthesis and electrochemical properties of V2O5 intercalated with binary polymers , 2002 .

[132]  Kwang Man Kim,et al.  Polyaniline doped with dimethyl sulfate as a nucleophilic dopant and its electrochemical properties as an electrode in a lithium secondary battery and a redox supercapacitor. , 2007, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[133]  Luzhuo Chen,et al.  Highly flexible and all-solid-state paperlike polymer supercapacitors. , 2010, Nano letters.

[134]  Bin Wang,et al.  In-situ electrochemical polymerization of multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyaniline composite films for electrochemical supercapacitors , 2009 .

[135]  Byung Chul Kim,et al.  Preparation and enhanced stability of flexible supercapacitor prepared from Nafion/polyaniline nanofiber , 2010 .

[136]  S. Desu,et al.  Manganese oxide embedded polypyrrole nanocomposites for electrochemical supercapacitor , 2008 .

[137]  Xingyan Wang,et al.  Polypyrrole/carbon aerogel composite materials for supercapacitor , 2010 .

[138]  Jong-Huy Kim,et al.  Synthesis of polypyrrole and carbon nano-fiber composite for the electrode of electrochemical capacitors , 2006 .

[139]  Zhongwei Chen,et al.  Graphene-Based Flexible Supercapacitors: Pulse-Electropolymerization of Polypyrrole on Free-Standing Graphene Films , 2011 .

[140]  Xiaogang Zhang,et al.  Preparation and electrochemical performances of graphite oxide/polypyrrole composites , 2010 .

[141]  M. Shamsipur,et al.  Electrochemical investigations of self-doped polyaniline nanofibers as a new electroactive material for high performance redox supercapacitor , 2009 .

[142]  Li-zhen Fan,et al.  Polyaniline nanofibers obtained by interfacial polymerization for high-rate supercapacitors , 2010 .

[143]  Yuanyuan Xie,et al.  Polyaniline/SnO2 nanocomposite for supercapacitor applications , 2009 .

[144]  D. Dhawale,et al.  Hydrophilic polyaniline nanofibrous architecture using electrosynthesis method for supercapacitor application , 2010 .

[145]  Li-zhen Fan,et al.  Porous polyaniline exhibits highly enhanced electrochemical capacitance performance , 2010 .

[146]  Huaihe Song,et al.  Electronic state of polyaniline deposited on carbon nanotube or ordered mesoporous carbon templates , 2011 .

[147]  M. Sangaranarayanan,et al.  Underpotential deposition of Tl on Ag in the presence of bromide ions – Estimation of specific capacitance for design of electrochemical supercapacitors , 2006 .

[148]  J. Nam,et al.  RuOx/polypyrrole nanocomposite electrode for electrochemical capacitors , 2010 .

[149]  Huaqing Xie,et al.  Electrochemical properties of graphene nanosheets/polyaniline nanofibers composites as electrode for , 2011 .

[150]  Ashok Kumar,et al.  Effects of 160 MeV Ni12+ ion irradiation on polypyrrole conducting polymer electrode materials for all polymer redox supercapacitor , 2005 .

[151]  Hai-Bo Lu,et al.  Electrochemical performance of interfacially polymerized polyaniline nanofibres as electrode materials for non-aqueous redox supercapacitors , 2011 .

[152]  James M. Tour,et al.  Functionalized single wall carbon nanotubes treated with pyrrole for electrochemical supercapacitor membranes , 2005 .

[153]  Xuyuan Chen,et al.  Preparation and characterization of polypyrrole films for three-dimensional micro supercapacitor , 2009 .

[154]  R. Boruah,et al.  Studies on Conducting Polypyrrole/Graphene Oxide Composites as Supercapacitor Electrode , 2011 .

[155]  I. Zhitomirsky,et al.  Electropolymerization of polypyrrole films on stainless steel substrates for electrodes of electrochemical supercapacitors , 2012 .

[156]  Lawrence T. Drzal,et al.  Multilayered Nanoarchitecture of Graphene Nanosheets and Polypyrrole Nanowires for High Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes , 2010 .

[157]  Xiaogang Zhang,et al.  Electrochemical capacitance of polypyrrole nanowire prepared by using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as soft template , 2007 .

[158]  B. He,et al.  Electrochemical properties of polyaniline in p-toluene sulfonic acid solution , 2009 .

[159]  Xiong Zhang,et al.  Enhanced capacitance and rate capability of graphene/polypyrrole composite as electrode material for , 2011 .

[160]  H.Q. Li,et al.  Ordered Whiskerlike Polyaniline Grown on the Surface of Mesoporous Carbon and Its Electrochemical Capacitance Performance , 2006 .

[161]  Youlong Xu,et al.  Toward a high specific power and high stability polypyrrole supercapacitors , 2011 .

[162]  Yunqing Luo,et al.  Synthesis of Aligned Polyaniline Belts by Interfacial Control Approach , 2011 .

[163]  Chi-Chang Hu,et al.  Effects of the loading and polymerization temperature on the capacitive performance of polyaniline in NaNO3 , 2002 .

[164]  S. Palaniappan,et al.  Synthesis of copolymer of aniline and pyrrole by inverted emulsion polymerization method for supercapacitor , 2010 .

[165]  J. Zou,et al.  Synthesis and electrochemical performance of multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyaniline/MnO2 ternary coaxial nanostructures for supercapacitors , 2011 .

[166]  Yinjuan Xie,et al.  Polyaniline-intercalated molybdenum oxide nanocomposites: simultaneous synthesis and their enhanced application for supercapacitor. , 2011, Chemistry - An Asian Journal.

[167]  P. Murphy,et al.  The study of conducting polymers for use as redox supercapacitors , 1999 .

[168]  Jinho Chang,et al.  Electrochemical supercapacitor application of electroless surface polymerization of polyaniline nanostructures , 2009 .

[169]  Soo‐Hyoung Lee,et al.  Electropolymerization of polyaniline on titanium oxide nanotubes for supercapacitor application , 2011 .

[170]  X. Zhao,et al.  Growth of Polyaniline on Hollow Carbon Spheres for Enhancing Electrocapacitance , 2010 .

[171]  Jingjing Xu,et al.  Hierarchical nanocomposites of polyaniline nanowire arrays on graphene oxide sheets with synergistic effect for energy storage. , 2010, ACS nano.

[172]  S. Jiao,et al.  Preparation of porous nanorod polyaniline film and its high electrochemical capacitance performance , 2011 .

[173]  J. Jang,et al.  Synthesis of mesostructured conducting polymer-carbon nanocomposites and their electrochemical performance , 2008 .

[174]  A. Best,et al.  Conducting-polymer-based supercapacitor devices and electrodes , 2011 .

[175]  Yong Zhang,et al.  Preparation and electrochemical capacitance of poly(pyrrole-co-aniline) , 2010 .

[176]  M. Tsai Preparation and characterization of Ppy/Al2O3/Al used as solid-state capacitors for microsystems-Effect of amount of electricity passed , 2007 .

[177]  S. Hashmi,et al.  MnO2-polypyrrole conducting polymer composite electrodes for electrochemical redox supercapacitors , 2002 .

[178]  Kai Zhang,et al.  Graphene/Polyaniline Nanofiber Composites as Supercapacitor Electrodes , 2010 .

[179]  Ling-Bin Kong,et al.  MWNTs/PANI composite materials prepared by in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization for supercapacitor electrode , 2008, Journal of Materials Science.

[180]  J. Randles Kinetics of rapid electrode reactions , 1947 .

[181]  Zhixiang Wei,et al.  Conducting polymer nanowire arrays with enhanced electrochemical performance , 2010 .

[182]  Xi Chen,et al.  Graphene and graphene-based nanomaterials: the promising materials for bright future of electroanalytical chemistry. , 2011, The Analyst.

[183]  Seong Chu Lim,et al.  High-Capacitance Supercapacitor Using a Nanocomposite Electrode of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube and Polypyrrole , 2002 .

[184]  N. Miura,et al.  Electrochemical Deposition of Nanostructured Indium Oxide: High-Performance Electrode Material for Redox Supercapacitors , 2004 .

[185]  Chandrakant D. Lokhande,et al.  Porous polypyrrole clusters prepared by electropolymerization for a high performance supercapacitor , 2012 .

[186]  Byung Chul Kim,et al.  A flexible capacitor based on conducting polymer electrodes , 2011 .

[187]  Jun Li,et al.  Self-supported supercapacitor membranes: Polypyrrole-coated carbon nanotube networks enabled by pulsed electrodeposition , 2010 .

[188]  Rajiv Prakash,et al.  Processible polyacid doped polyaniline composites: Application for charge storage devices , 2009 .

[189]  Jong-Huy Kim,et al.  Polypyrrole/carbon composite electrode for high-power electrochemical capacitors , 2006 .

[190]  Seshu B. Desu,et al.  Pulse polymerized polypyrrole electrodes for high energy density electrochemical supercapacitor , 2006 .

[191]  Avinash Balakrishnan,et al.  Highly super capacitive electrodes made of graphene/poly(pyrrole). , 2011, Chemical communications.

[192]  Wei Sun,et al.  Symmetric redox supercapacitor based on micro-fabrication with three-dimensional polypyrrole electrodes , 2010 .

[193]  Y. Tong,et al.  Electrochemical Synthesis of Polyaniline Nanobelts with Predominant Electrochemical Performances , 2010 .

[194]  P. Taberna,et al.  Relation between the ion size and pore size for an electric double-layer capacitor. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[195]  M. Jin,et al.  Preparation of the flexible polypyrrole/polypropylene composite fibrous film for electrochemical capacitor , 2011 .

[196]  Norio Miura,et al.  Polyaniline/single-wall carbon nanotube (PANI/SWCNT) composites for high performance supercapacitors , 2006 .

[197]  Anran Liu,et al.  Supercapacitors based on flexible graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composite films. , 2010, ACS nano.

[198]  Xiaogang Zhang,et al.  Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical behavior of polypyrrole/carbon nanotube composites using organometallic-functionalized carbon nanotubes , 2010 .

[199]  Xiaodong Li,et al.  In situ synthesis of ultrafine β-MnO2/polypyrrole nanorod composites for high-performance supercapacitors , 2011 .

[200]  Moniruzzaman,et al.  Preparation and Characterization of In‐Situ Polymerized Nanocomposites Based on Polyaniline in Presence of MWCNTs , 2010 .

[201]  S. S. Kalagi,et al.  Chemical synthesis of highly stable PVA/PANI films for supercapacitor application , 2011 .

[202]  D. Bhat,et al.  LiClO4 doped cellulose acetate as biodegradable polymer electrolyte for supercapacitors , 2008 .

[203]  Sundara Ramaprabhu,et al.  Functionalized Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Application , 2011 .

[204]  S. Gottesfeld,et al.  Characterization and Long‐Term Performance of Polyaniline‐Based Electrochemical Capacitors , 2000 .

[205]  Norio Miura,et al.  High performance electrochemical supercapacitor from electrochemically synthesized nanostructured polyaniline , 2006 .

[206]  Jing Sun,et al.  A Promising Way To Enhance the Electrochemical Behavior of Flexible Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Polyaniline Composite Films , 2010 .

[207]  Meifang Zhu,et al.  Polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites with core–shell structures as supercapacitor electrode materials , 2010 .

[208]  Lili Zhang,et al.  Carbon-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes. , 2009, Chemical Society reviews.

[209]  Bin Cheng,et al.  Preparation and electrochemical performance of polyaniline-based carbon nanotubes as electrode material for supercapacitor , 2010 .

[210]  Colin G. Cameron,et al.  A Polypyrrole/Phosphomolybdic Acid ∣ Poly ( 3 , 4-ethylenedioxythiophene ) /Phosphotungstic Acid Asymmetric Supercapacitor , 2010 .

[211]  Xiaogang Zhang,et al.  Effect of feeding ratios on the structure and electrochemical performance of graphite oxide/polypyrrole nanocomposites , 2011 .

[212]  Yong-Qing Zhao,et al.  Preparation and characterization of coaxial halloysite/polypyrrole tubular nanocomposites for electrochemical energy storage , 2010 .

[213]  Xiaodong Wu,et al.  Intercalated polyaniline nanosheets prepared from lyotropic liquid crystalline solutions and their capacitive performance , 2010 .

[214]  Qiang Zhao,et al.  Aqueous dispersed conducting polyaniline nanofibers: Promising high specific capacity electrode mate , 2011 .

[215]  Xujie Yang,et al.  Graphene oxide doped polyaniline for supercapacitors , 2009 .

[216]  A. Gedanken,et al.  Pulsed sonoelectrochemical synthesis of polyaniline nanoparticles and their capacitance properties , 2008 .

[217]  C. M. Li,et al.  Well-Aligned Cone-Shaped Nanostructure of Polypyrrole/RuO2 and Its Electrochemical Supercapacitor , 2008 .

[218]  Norio Miura,et al.  INFLUENCE OF THE MICROSTRUCTURE ON THE SUPERCAPACITIVE BEHAVIOR OF POLYANILINE/SINGLE-WALL CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES , 2006 .

[219]  J. Bisquert,et al.  Impedance analysis of galvanostatically synthesized polypyrrole films. Correlation of ionic diffusion and capacitance parameters with the electrode morphology , 2002 .

[220]  Meifang Zhu,et al.  Facile Fabrication of Uniform Core−Shell Structured Carbon Nanotube−Polyaniline Nanocomposites , 2009 .

[221]  Soon Ho Chang,et al.  Symmetric redox supercapacitor with conducting polyaniline electrodes , 2002 .

[222]  Yan-hui Xu,et al.  Facile synthesis and electrochemical capacitance of composites of polypyrrole/multi-walled carbon nanotubes , 2008 .

[223]  Peng Si,et al.  An electrochemically formed three-dimensional structure of polypyrrole/graphene nanoplatelets for high-performance supercapacitors , 2011 .

[224]  S. Pitchumani,et al.  Electrochemical deposition of polypyrrole for symmetric supercapacitors , 2006 .

[225]  Hongyu Mi,et al.  Preparation and enhanced capacitance of core–shell polypyrrole/polyaniline composite electrode for supercapacitors , 2008 .

[226]  M. Ingram,et al.  ‘Ladder-doped’ polypyrrole: a possible electrode material for inclusion in electrochemical supercapacitors? , 2004 .

[227]  Chandrakant D. Lokhande,et al.  Studies on electrosynthesized leucoemeraldine, emeraldine and pernigraniline forms of polyaniline films and their supercapacitive behavior , 2010 .

[228]  Elias K. Stefanakos,et al.  Graphene-conducting polymer nanocomposite as novel electrode for supercapacitors , 2011 .

[229]  G. Lu,et al.  Fabrication of Graphene/Polyaniline Composite Paper via In Situ Anodic Electropolymerization for High-Performance Flexible Electrode. , 2009, ACS nano.

[230]  Gengchao Wang,et al.  Growth of polyaniline nanowhiskers on mesoporous carbon for supercapacitor application , 2011 .

[231]  N. Nuraje,et al.  Liquid/Liquid interfacial polymerization to grow single crystalline nanoneedles of various conducting polymers. , 2008, ACS nano.

[232]  Feiyu Kang,et al.  Recent progress on manganese dioxide based supercapacitors , 2010 .

[233]  Jixiao Wang,et al.  Theoretical and experimental specific capacitance of polyaniline in sulfuric acid , 2009 .

[234]  O. Park,et al.  Hybrid electrochemical capacitors based on polyaniline and activated carbon electrodes , 2002 .

[235]  Umakant M. Patil,et al.  Microwave assisted chemical bath deposited polyaniline films for supercapacitor application , 2011 .

[236]  M. Ates,et al.  Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and morphological analyses of pyrrole, phenylpyrrole and methoxyphenylpyrrole on carbon fiber microelectrodes , 2008 .

[237]  Norio Shinya,et al.  Polyaniline-Coated Electro-Etched Carbon Fiber Cloth Electrodes for Supercapacitors , 2011 .

[238]  M. Sangaranarayanan,et al.  Investigation of polyaniline-coated stainless steel electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors , 2006 .

[239]  J. Fauvarque,et al.  Electrochemical storage of polypyrrole–Fe2O3 nanocomposites in ionic liquids , 2009 .

[240]  H. Q. Wu,et al.  Fibriform polyaniline/nano-TiO2 composite as an electrode material for aqueous redox supercapacitors , 2009 .

[241]  H. Tamai,et al.  Preparation of polyaniline coated activated carbon and their electrode performance for supercapacitor , 2007 .

[242]  Hao Zhang,et al.  Tube-covering-tube nanostructured polyaniline/carbon nanotube array composite electrode with high capacitance and superior rate performance as well as good cycling stability , 2008 .

[243]  Chao Yang,et al.  Acid blue AS doped polypyrrole (PPy/AS) nanomaterials with different morphologies as electrode materials for supercapacitors , 2011 .

[244]  D. Zhao,et al.  Carbon Materials for Chemical Capacitive Energy Storage , 2011, Advanced materials.

[245]  K. Rajendra Prasad,et al.  Fabrication and evaluation of 450 F electrochemical redox supercapacitors using inexpensive and high-performance, polyaniline coated, stainless-steel electrodes , 2002 .