6.3 Engineering the Organ Bone

The content of this article is a proprioception to form for the reader an overview of the basic bone regeneration biology and a comprehensive overview of the first principle of bone tissue engineering with a focus of scaffold-based concepts. The contemporary conventional scaffold design literature in which the objective of the research groups was to match exactly the mechanical and morphological properties is reviewed critically. Based on this background the scientific rationale is presented why the progressive, innovative, and creative scaffold designer group has led to a paradigm shift in the field of scaffold-based bone tissue engineering. In this 21st century concepts, the scaffold design is rooted in that the physical and biochemical properties should be in resonance to guide the tissue formation which takes place over 3–6 months into the direction of bone regeneration and finally remodeling and maturation. The article concludes with a section which discusses the key points to translate bone tissue engineering concepts from bench to bedside.