Separating Arterial and Venous-Related Components of Photoplethysmographic Signals for Accurate Extraction of Oxygen Saturation and Respiratory Rate

We propose an algorithm for separating arterial and venous-related signals using second-order statistics of red and infrared signals in a blind source separation technique. The separated arterial signal is used to compute accurate arterial oxygen saturation. We have also introduced an algorithm for extracting the respiratory pattern from the extracted venous-related signal. In addition to real-time monitoring, respiratory rate is also extracted. Our experimental results from multiple subjects show that the proposed separation technique is extremely useful for extracting accurate arterial oxygen saturation and respiratory rate. Specifically, the breathing rate is extracted with average root mean square deviation of 1.89 and average mean difference of $-$0.69.

[1]  J. N. Watson,et al.  A Fully Automated Algorithm for the Determination of Respiratory Rate from the Photoplethysmogram , 2006, Journal of clinical monitoring and computing.

[2]  Eric Moulines,et al.  A blind source separation technique using second-order statistics , 1997, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[3]  E. Hari Krishna,et al.  Estimation of respiratory rate from principal components of photoplethysmographic signals , 2010, 2010 IEEE EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (IECBES).

[4]  G. S. Agashe,et al.  Forehead Pulse Oximetry: Headband Use Helps Alleviate False Low Readings Likely Related to Venous Pulsation Artifact , 2006, Anesthesiology.

[5]  J. N. Watson,et al.  Secondary wavelet feature decoupling (SWFD) and its use in detecting patient respiration from the photoplethysmogram , 2003, Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37439).

[6]  R M.,et al.  ESTIMATION OF RESPIRATORY RATE FROM ECG , 2012 .

[7]  Katsuyuki Miyasaka,et al.  Pulse oximetry: its invention, contribution to medicine, and future tasks. , 2002, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[8]  R. Stout,et al.  The Effect of Venous Pulsation on the Forehead Pulse Oximeter Wave Form as a Possible Source of Error in Spo2 Calculation , 2005, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[9]  M. Baciarello,et al.  Forehead Reflectance Oximetry: A Clinical Comparison with Conventional Digit Sensors during Laparotomic and Laparoscopic Abdominal Surgery , 2007, Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing.

[10]  Takuo Aoyagi,et al.  Pulse oximetry: its invention, theory, and future , 2003, Journal of Anesthesia.

[11]  Cornie Scheffer,et al.  Development and testing of an artificial arterial and venous pulse oximeter , 2013, 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC).

[12]  J. Sinex.  Pulse oximetry: principles and limitations. , 1999, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[13]  Ki H. Chon,et al.  Estimation of Respiratory Rate From Photoplethysmogram Data Using Time–Frequency Spectral Estimation , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[14]  H. Harry Asada,et al.  Monitoring of venous oxygen saturation using a novel vibratory oximetry sensor , 2002, Proceedings of the Second Joint 24th Annual Conference and the Annual Fall Meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society] [Engineering in Medicine and Biology.

[15]  Fabian J. Theis,et al.  On the use of joint diagonalization in blind signal processing , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems.

[16]  M. Wax,et al.  A least-squares approach to joint diagonalization , 1997, IEEE Signal Processing Letters.

[17]  Howard A Smithline,et al.  Pulse oximetry using a disposable finger sensor placed on the forehead in hypoxic patients. , 2010, The Journal of emergency medicine.

[18]  J. Bence,et al.  Non-invasive measurement of peripheral venous oxygen saturation using a new venous oximetry method: evaluation during bypass in heart surgery , 2007, Physiological measurement.

[19]  Katsuyuki Miyasaka,et al.  Multiwavelength Pulse Oximetry: Theory for the Future , 2007, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[20]  Marco Fernandez,et al.  Evaluation of a new pulse oximeter sensor. , 2007, American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses.

[21]  B. Desjardins,et al.  ECG-gated cardiac CT. , 2004, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[22]  P. King,et al.  Design Of Pulse Oximeters , 1998, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine.

[23]  E. Hari Krishna,et al.  Robust Extraction of Respiratory Activity From PPG Signals Using Modified MSPCA , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[24]  Kirk H. Shelley,et al.  The detection of peripheral venous pulsation using the pulse oximeter as a plethysmograph , 1993, Journal of Clinical Monitoring.

[25]  Mehrdad Nourani,et al.  A Motion-Tolerant Adaptive Algorithm for Wearable Photoplethysmographic Biosensors , 2014, IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics.

[26]  M. O'Boyle,et al.  Spectral Doppler Signature Waveforms in Ultrasonography: A Review of Normal and Abnormal Waveforms , 2010, Ultrasound quarterly.

[27]  Xiang Chen,et al.  Comparison of respiratory-induced variations in photoplethysmographic signals , 2010, Physiological measurement.

[28]  W. Karlen,et al.  Estimating Respiratory and Heart Rates from the Correntropy Spectral Density of the Photoplethysmogram , 2014, PloS one.

[29]  Vassyl A. Lonchyna,et al.  Central venous pulsations associated with a falsely low oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry , 2005, Journal of Clinical Monitoring.

[30]  Paul D. Mannheimer,et al.  The Influence of Larger Subcutaneous Blood Vessels on Pulse Oximetry , 2003, Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing.

[31]  Mehrdad Nourani,et al.  Adaptive cancellation of motion artifact in wearable biosensors , 2012, 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[32]  Richard D Branson,et al.  Forehead oximetry in critically ill patients: the case for a new monitoring site. , 2004, Respiratory care clinics of North America.

[33]  PhD David Clifton BEng,et al.  A Fully Automated Algorithm for the Determination of Respiratory Rate from the Photoplethysmogram , 2005, Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing.