A Survey of State of the Art Methods Employed in the Offline Signature Verification Process

Handwritten signatures are of eminent importance in many business and legal activities around the world. That is, signatures have been used as authentication and verification measure for several centuries. However, the high relevance of signatures is accompanied with a certain risk of misuse. To mitigate this risk, automatic signature verification was proposed. Given a questioned signature, signature verification systems aim to distinguish between genuine and forged signatures. In the last decades, a large number of different signature verification frameworks have been proposed. Basically, these frameworks can be divided into online and offline approaches. In the case of online signature verification, temporal information about the writing process is available, while offline signature verification is limited to spatial information only. Hence, offline signature verification is generally regarded as the more challenging task. The present chapter reviews the field of offline signature verification and presents a comprehensive overview of methods typically employed in the general process of offline signature verification.

[1]  Kaspar Riesen,et al.  Offline Signature Verification Via Structural Methods: Graph Edit Distance and Inkball Models , 2018, 2018 16th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR).

[2]  Sargur N. Srihari,et al.  Offline Signature Verification And Identification Using Distance Statistics , 2004, Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell..

[3]  Miguel A. Ferrer,et al.  Static Signature Synthesis: A Neuromotor Inspired Approach for Biometrics , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[4]  Loris Nanni,et al.  An On-Line Signature Verification System Based on Fusion of Local and Global Information , 2005, AVBPA.

[5]  Jesús Francisco Vargas-Bonilla,et al.  Robustness of Offline Signature Verification Based on Gray Level Features , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.

[6]  Bhabatosh Chanda,et al.  Writer-independent off-line signature verification using surroundedness feature , 2012, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[7]  Robert Sabourin,et al.  Structural Interpretation of Handwritten Signature Images , 1994, Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell..

[8]  Siyuan Chen,et al.  A New Off-line Signature Verification Method based on Graph , 2006, 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'06).

[9]  Robert Sabourin,et al.  Offline handwritten signature verification — Literature review , 2017, 2017 Seventh International Conference on Image Processing Theory, Tools and Applications (IPTA).

[10]  Michael C. Fairhurst,et al.  Automatic Measures for Predicting Performance in Off-Line Signature , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.

[11]  Robert Sabourin,et al.  Fixed-sized representation learning from offline handwritten signatures of different sizes , 2018, International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR).

[12]  Kaspar Riesen,et al.  Offline Signature Verification using Structural Dynamic Time Warping , 2019, 2019 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR).

[13]  Volkmar Frinken,et al.  Approximation of graph edit distance based on Hausdorff matching , 2015, Pattern Recognit..

[14]  Luiz Eduardo Soares de Oliveira,et al.  Learning features for offline handwritten signature verification using deep convolutional neural networks , 2017, Pattern Recognit..

[15]  Kaspar Riesen,et al.  Approximate graph edit distance computation by means of bipartite graph matching , 2009, Image Vis. Comput..

[16]  Juan J. Igarza,et al.  MCYT baseline corpus: a bimodal biometric database , 2003 .

[17]  Julian Fierrez,et al.  Off-line Signature Verification Using Contour Features , 2008, ICFHR 2008.

[18]  Hong-Yuan Mark Liao,et al.  Wavelet-Based Off-Line Handwritten Signature Verification , 1999, Comput. Vis. Image Underst..

[19]  Azriel Rosenfeld,et al.  Computer Detection of Freehand Forgeries , 1977, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[20]  Réjean Plamondon,et al.  Extraction of items from checks , 1997, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition.

[21]  Byron L. D. Bezerra,et al.  A Fully Convolutional Network for Signature Segmentation from Document Images , 2018, ICFHR.

[22]  Pierre Vandergheynst,et al.  Geometric Deep Learning: Going beyond Euclidean data , 2016, IEEE Signal Process. Mag..

[23]  Umapada Pal,et al.  Compact correlated features for writer independent signature verification , 2016, 2016 23rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR).

[24]  Umapada Pal,et al.  Signature and Logo Detection using Deep CNN for Document Image Retrieval , 2018, 2018 16th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR).

[25]  Kaspar Riesen,et al.  A Structural Approach to Offline Signature Verification Using Graph Edit Distance , 2017, 2017 14th IAPR International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR).

[26]  Babak Nadjar Araabi,et al.  Deep Multitask Metric Learning for Offline Signature Verification , 2016, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[27]  Miguel Angel Ferrer-Ballester,et al.  A Perspective Analysis of Handwritten Signature Technology , 2019, ACM Comput. Surv..

[28]  Mustafa Berkay Yilmaz,et al.  Offline signature verification using classifier combination of HOG and LBP features , 2011, 2011 International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB).

[29]  Marcus Liwicki,et al.  Offline Signature Verification by Combining Graph Edit Distance and Triplet Networks , 2018, S+SSPR.

[30]  Umapada Pal,et al.  SigNet: Convolutional Siamese Network for Writer Independent Offline Signature Verification , 2017, ArXiv.

[31]  A. Bansal,et al.  Offline Signature Verification Using Critical Region Matching , 2008, 2008 Second International Conference on Future Generation Communication and Networking Symposia.

[32]  Miguel Angel Ferrer-Ballester,et al.  Offline geometric parameters for automatic signature verification using fixed-point arithmetic , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[33]  Bhabatosh Chanda,et al.  A writer-independent off-line signature verification system based on signature morphology , 2010, IITM '10.

[34]  Kaspar Riesen,et al.  Graph Embedding for Offline Handwritten Signature Verification , 2019, ICBEA.

[35]  Giuseppe Pirlo,et al.  Automatic Signature Verification: The State of the Art , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews).

[36]  Miguel A. Ferrer,et al.  Off-line Handwritten Signature GPDS-960 Corpus , 2007 .

[37]  Marcus Liwicki,et al.  Signature Segmentation from Document Images , 2012, 2012 International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition.

[38]  Kaspar Riesen,et al.  Structural Pattern Recognition with Graph Edit Distance , 2016, Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[39]  Haris Baltzakis,et al.  A new signature verification technique based on a two-stage neural network classifier , 2001 .

[40]  A. N. Rajagopalan,et al.  Off-line signature verification using DTW , 2007, Pattern Recognit. Lett..