Design and Characterization of T/R Module for Commercial Beamforming Applications

In the smart antenna system, the transmit and receive (T/R) module is one of the core components as it accounts for nearly 45% of the overall smart antenna system cost. Due to the high implementation cost of the T/R module, the literature was mainly centered around the military and satellite radar applications. However, over the years, the cost of the T/R module has been reduced drastically by leveraging on the advanced manufacturing technology, volume production pricing and adaptation of the commercially available off-the-shelf components, as a result, the adoption of the T/R module in commercial and industrial application become possible. In this work, we have proposed a commercially affordable T/R module that operates in 4.9–5.9 GHz band for commercial and industrial applications. The T/R module was designed, calibrated, and characterized for use in the beamforming smart antenna system. The design process including the circuit, schematic and printed circuit board (PCB) were highlighted. The proposed recursive calibration process managed to correct the phase error to ±1° and amplitude error to ±0.2 dB. In addition, the amplitude distribution of 0.5-1-1-0.5 combination has successfully suppressed the side-lobe level (SLL) to −28.7 dB for 0°, −22.71 dB for ±20° and −12.77 dB for ±40° beam steering. This work is aimed to promote the adoption of the T/R module into the commercial and industrial applications such as public or government infrastructure.