Use of water containing acetone–butanol–ethanol for NOx-PM (nitrogen oxide-particulate matter) trade-off in the diesel engine fueled with biodiesel

Fuel blends that contain biodiesel are known to produce greater NOx (nitrogen oxide) emissions in diesel engine exhaust than regular diesel, and this is one of the key barriers to the wider adoption of biodiesel as an alternative fuel. In this study, a water-containing ABE (acetone–butanol–ethanol) solution, which simulates products that are produced from biomass fermentation without dehydration processing, was tested as a biodiesel-diesel blend additive to lower NOx emissions from diesel engines. The energy efficiency and the PM (particulate matter) and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) emissions were investigated and compared under various operating conditions. Although biodiesel had greater NOx emissions, the blends that contained 25% of the water-containing ABE solution had significantly lower NOx (4.30–30.7%), PM (10.9–63.1%), and PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) emissions (26.7–67.6%) than the biodiesel–diesel blends and regular diesel, respectively. In addition, the energy efficiency of this new blend was 0.372–7.88% higher with respect to both the biodiesel–diesel blends and regular diesel. Because dehydration and surfactant addition are not necessary, the application of ABE–biodiesel–diesel blends can simplify fuel production processes, reduce energy consumption, and lower pollutant emissions, meaning that the ABE–biodiesel–diesel blend is a promising green fuel.

[1]  Reyes García-Contreras,et al.  The effect of the addition of individual methyl esters on the combustion and emissions of ethanol and butanol -diesel blends , 2012 .

[2]  N Ladommatos,et al.  Effect of the Molecular Structure of Individual Fatty Acid Alcohol Esters (Biodiesel) on the Formation of Nox and Particulate Matter in the Diesel Combustion Process , 2008 .

[3]  Jerald A. Caton,et al.  Effects of operating parameters on nitrogen oxides emissions for a natural gas fueled homogeneous charged compression ignition engine (HCCI): Results from a thermodynamic model with detailed chemistry , 2012 .

[4]  Fanhua Ma,et al.  A unified model for the micro-explosion of emulsified droplets of oil and water☆ , 2002 .

[5]  H. Aydin,et al.  Performance and emission analysis of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine. , 2010 .

[6]  Galen J. Suppes,et al.  Miscibility of ethanol in diesel fuels , 2001 .

[7]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Experimental heat release analysis and emissions of a HSDI diesel engine fueled with ethanol–diesel fuel blends , 2007 .

[8]  Mohand Tazerout,et al.  Assessment of liquid fuel (bio-oil) production from waste fish fat and utilization in diesel engine , 2012 .

[9]  Dipankar Dwivedi,et al.  Particulate emission characterization of a biodiesel vs diesel-fuelled compression ignition transport engine: A comparative study , 2006 .

[10]  C. Lee,et al.  Reduction in emissions of nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon by adding water-containing butanol into a diesel-fueled engine generator , 2012 .

[11]  Bing Liu,et al.  Combustion characteristics of a compression-ignition engine fuelled with diesel–dimethoxy methane blends under various fuel injection advance angles , 2006 .

[12]  Experimental investigation of regulated and unregulated emissions from a diesel engine fueled with ultralow-sulfur diesel fuel blended with ethanol and dodecanol. , 2008 .

[13]  Shijin Shuai,et al.  The effect of ethanol blended diesel fuels on emissions from a diesel engine , 2003 .

[14]  Zuohua Huang,et al.  Comparison of the effect of biodiesel-diesel and ethanol-diesel on the gaseous emission of a direct-injection diesel engine , 2009 .

[15]  Thomas A. Litzinger,et al.  Reduction of PAH and soot in premixed ethylene–air flames by addition of ethanol , 2006 .

[16]  D. Hulwan,et al.  Performance, emission and combustion characteristic of a multicylinder DI diesel engine running on diesel–ethanol–biodiesel blends of high ethanol content , 2011 .

[17]  Dimitrios C. Kyritsis,et al.  Experimental-stochastic investigation of the combustion cyclic variability in HSDI diesel engine using ethanol–diesel fuel blends , 2008 .

[18]  Probir Kumar Bose,et al.  An experimental investigation of performance-emission trade off of a CI engine fueled by diesel–compressed natural gas (CNG) combination and diesel–ethanol blends with CNG enrichment , 2013 .

[19]  A. Luengnaruemitchai,et al.  Utilization of palm oil alkyl esters as an additive in ethanol–diesel and butanol–diesel blends , 2009 .

[20]  J. Smith,et al.  Introduction to chemical engineering thermodynamics , 1949 .

[21]  Xavier Tauzia,et al.  Influence of EGR unequal distribution from cylinder to cylinder on NOx–PM trade-off of a HSDI automotive Diesel engine , 2009 .

[22]  L. M. Das,et al.  Experimental Investigations on a Karanja Oil Methyl Ester Fueled DI Diesel Engine , 2006 .

[23]  Bhupendra Singh Chauhan,et al.  A study on the performance and emission of a diesel engine fueled with Karanja biodiesel and its blends , 2013 .

[24]  Cristian Carraretto,et al.  Biodiesel as alternative fuel: Experimental analysis and energetic evaluations , 2004 .

[25]  Mingfa Yao,et al.  Experimental study on combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with 2,5-dimethylfuran–diesel, n-butanol–diesel and gasoline–diesel blends , 2013 .

[26]  Wenmiao Chen,et al.  A study on emission performance of a diesel engine fueled with five typical methyl ester biodiesels , 2009 .

[27]  C. McEnally,et al.  Sooting tendencies of oxygenated hydrocarbons in laboratory-scale flames. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[28]  C. D. Rakopoulos,et al.  Investigation of the performance and emissions of bus engine operating on butanol/diesel fuel blends , 2010 .

[29]  A. Jahanmiri,et al.  On-line states and parameter identification of acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation process , 2005 .

[30]  Reyes García-Contreras,et al.  Pollutant emissions from engine starting with ethanol and butanol diesel blends , 2012 .

[31]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Investigating the emissions during acceleration of a turbocharged diesel engine operating with bio-d , 2010 .

[32]  Yukihiro Tashiro,et al.  High production of acetone-butanol-ethanol with high cell density culture by cell-recycling and bleeding. , 2005, Journal of biotechnology.

[33]  S. Kent Hoekman,et al.  Review of the effects of biodiesel on NOx emissions , 2012 .

[34]  Yasuhiro Fukushima,et al.  Assessment of energy performance and air pollutant emissions in a diesel engine generator fueled wit , 2011 .

[35]  Topi Rönkkö,et al.  Dependence between nonvolatile nucleation mode particle and soot number concentrations in an EGR equipped heavy-duty Diesel engine exhaust. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[36]  R. Velraj,et al.  Mitigation of NOx emissions from a jatropha biodiesel fuelled DI diesel engine using antioxidant additives , 2011 .

[37]  Optimized culture medium and fermentation conditions for acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) production by Clostridicum acetobutylicum ATCC824 , 2008 .

[38]  C. D. Rakopoulos,et al.  Combustion heat release analysis of ethanol or n-butanol diesel fuel blends in heavy-duty DI diesel engine , 2011 .

[39]  Hiroshi Yamasaki,et al.  Recent advances in the combustion of water fuel emulsion , 2002 .

[40]  Tony E Grift,et al.  ffect of biodiesel on engine performances and emissions , 2010 .

[41]  X. Wang,et al.  Emissions of EC, OC, and PAHs from cottonseed oil biodiesel in a heavy-duty diesel engine. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[42]  R. Prakash,et al.  Experimental investigation on a diesel engine fueled with bio-oil derived from waste wood-biodiesel emulsions , 2013 .

[43]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Regulated and unregulated emissions from a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and biodiesel blended with methanol , 2009 .

[44]  Zhen Huang,et al.  Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with ethanol-biodiesel blends , 2011 .

[45]  Bing Liu,et al.  Combustion and emissions of a DI diesel engine fuelled with diesel-oxygenate blends , 2008 .

[46]  Reyes García-Contreras,et al.  Stability, Lubricity, Viscosity, and Cold-Flow Properties of Alcohol−Diesel Blends , 2010 .

[47]  T. Jacobs,et al.  Oxides of nitrogen emissions from biodiesel-fuelled diesel engines , 2010 .

[48]  Violeta Makareviciene,et al.  Solubility of multi-component biodiesel fuel systems. , 2005, Bioresource technology.

[49]  Meisam Tabatabaei,et al.  Experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of DI diesel engine fueled with polymer waste dissolved in biodiesel-blended diesel fuel. , 2012 .

[50]  Jingping Liu,et al.  Study on performance and emissions of a passenger-car diesel engine fueled with butanol–diesel blends , 2013 .

[51]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Study of turbocharged diesel engine operation, pollutant emissions and combustion noise radiation during starting with bio-diesel or n-butanol diesel fuel blends , 2011 .

[52]  Shijin Shuai,et al.  Emission reduction potential of using ethanol–biodiesel–diesel fuel blend on a heavy-duty diesel engine , 2006 .

[53]  Wang Jian-xin,et al.  Study on combustion characteristics and PM emission of diesel engines using ester–ethanol–diesel blended fuels , 2007 .

[54]  D. Haupt,et al.  Reducing the emission of particles from a diesel engine by adding an oxygenate to the fuel. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[55]  Z D Ristovski,et al.  Physicochemical characterization of particulate emissions from a compression ignition engine employing two injection technologies and three fuels. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[56]  Wen-Jhy Lee,et al.  Energy Savings and Emission Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides, Particulate Matter, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Adding Water-Containing Acetone and Neat Soybean Oil to a Diesel-Fueled Engine Generator , 2010 .

[57]  C. D. Rakopoulos,et al.  Effects of butanol–diesel fuel blends on the performance and emissions of a high-speed DI diesel engine , 2010 .

[58]  Kent C. Johnson,et al.  Evaluation of the impacts of biodiesel and second generation biofuels on NO(x) emissions for CARB diesel fuels. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[59]  S. Fernando,et al.  NOx Reduction from Biodiesel Fuels , 2006 .