Transcriptional cascades in Drosophila.

Genetics and molecular analyses have combined to yield insights into a functional cascade of transcription factors necessary to establish the molecular blueprint of the Drosophila body pattern in response to positional information in the egg. Recent progress in this field raises exciting questions regarding the molecular mechanisms involved, and their conservation in biological pattern-forming processes.

[1]  M. Bienz,et al.  Long range repression conferring boundaries of Ultrabithorax expression in the Drosophila embryo. , 1991, The EMBO journal.

[2]  H. Jäckle,et al.  Concentration-dependent transcriptional activation or repression by Krüppel from a single binding site , 1991, Nature.

[3]  J. D. Huang,et al.  Functional analysis of the Drosophila twist promoter reveals a dorsal-binding ventral activator region. , 1991, Genes & development.

[4]  E. Steingrímsson,et al.  Dual role of the Drosophila pattern gene tailless in embryonic termini. , 1991, Science.

[5]  Diethard Tautz,et al.  A morphogenetic gradient of hunchback protein organizes the expression of the gap genes Krüppel and knirps in the early Drosophila embryo , 1990, Nature.

[6]  M. Levine,et al.  Spatial regulation of zerknüllt: a dorsal-ventral patterning gene in Drosophila. , 1989, Genes & development.

[7]  V. Pirrotta,et al.  The bx region enhancer, a distant cis‐control element of the Drosophila Ubx gene and its regulation by hunchback and other segmentation genes. , 1991, The EMBO journal.

[8]  H. Jäckle,et al.  Making stripes in the Drosophila embryo. , 1990, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[9]  M. Bienz,et al.  Sharp anterior boundary of homeotic gene expression conferred by the fushi tarazu protein. , 1992, The EMBO journal.

[10]  C. Nüsslein-Volhard,et al.  Multiple extracellular activities in Drosophila egg perivitelline fluid are required for establishment of embryonic dorsal-ventral polarity , 1992, Cell.

[11]  S. Kidd Characterization of the Drosophila cactus locus and analysis of interactions between cactus and dorsal proteins , 1992, Cell.

[12]  M. Ashburner Puffs, genes, and hormones revisited , 1990, Cell.

[13]  H. Jäckle,et al.  Krüppel requirement for knirps enhancement reflects overlapping gap gene activities in the Drosophila embryo , 1989, Nature.

[14]  F. Calabi,et al.  Leukaemia/Drosophila homology , 1992, Nature.

[15]  M. Levine,et al.  Ectopic expression of the Drosophila tramtrack gene results in multiple embryonic defects, including repression of even-skipped and fushi tarazu , 1992, Mechanisms of Development.

[16]  H. Jäckle,et al.  Target sequences for hunchback in a control region conferring Ultrabithorax expression boundaries. , 1991, Development.

[17]  M. Levine,et al.  Regulation of a segmentation stripe by overlapping activators and repressors in the Drosophila embryo. , 1991, Science.

[18]  P. Ingham The molecular genetics of embryonic pattern formation in Drosophila , 1988, Nature.

[19]  R. Lehmann,et al.  Localization of nanos RNA controls embryonic polarity , 1992, Cell.

[20]  K. Anderson,et al.  Dominant and recessive mutations define functional domains of Toll, a transmembrane protein required for dorsal-ventral polarity in the Drosophila embryo. , 1991, Genes & development.

[21]  H. Jäckle,et al.  Gene expression mediated by cis‐acting sequences of the Krüppel gene in response to the Drosophila morphogens bicoid and hunchback. , 1991, The EMBO journal.

[22]  M. Levine,et al.  dorsal-twist interactions establish snail expression in the presumptive mesoderm of the Drosophila embryo. , 1992, Genes & development.

[23]  W. Gehring,et al.  The Drosophila sloppy paired locus encodes two proteins involved in segmentation that show homology to mammalian transcription factors. , 1992, Genes & development.

[24]  M. Scott,et al.  Repression of the Drosophila fushi tarazu (ftz) segmentation gene. , 1991, The EMBO journal.

[25]  V. Pirrotta,et al.  Interactions of the Drosophila gap gene giant with maternal and zygotic pattern-forming genes. , 1991, Development.

[26]  M. Mckeown,et al.  Relationship between the product of the Drosophila ultraspiracle locus and the vertebrate retinoid X receptor , 1990, Nature.

[27]  D Kosman,et al.  The dorsal morphogen gradient regulates the mesoderm determinant twist in early Drosophila embryos. , 1991, Genes & development.

[28]  H. Lipshitz,et al.  Zygotic genes that mediate torso receptor tyrosine kinase functions in the Drosophila melanogaster embryo. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[29]  M. Levine,et al.  The dorsal morphogen is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that interacts with a long-range repression element in drosophila , 1991, Cell.

[30]  P. Macdonald,et al.  The Drosophila pumilio gene: an unusually long transcription unit and an unusual protein. , 1992, Development.

[31]  C. Nüsslein-Volhard,et al.  Localized requirement for torso-like expression in follicle cells for development of terminal anlagen of the Drosophila embryo , 1990, Nature.

[32]  C. Nüsslein-Volhard,et al.  The Drosophila gene torso encodes a putative receptor tyrosine kinase , 1989, Nature.

[33]  N. Perrimon,et al.  corkscrew encodes a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase that functions to transduce the terminal signal from the receptor tyrosine kinase torso , 1992, Cell.

[34]  Y. Nishizuka,et al.  Proliferation of both somatic and germ cells is affected in the Drosophila mutants of raf proto‐oncogene. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[35]  W. Gehring,et al.  Empty spiracles, a gap gene containing a homeobox involved in Drosophila head development. , 1992, The EMBO journal.

[36]  Michael J. Pankratz,et al.  Gradients of Krüppel and knirps gene products direct pair-rule gene stripe patterning in the posterior region of the drosophila embryo , 1990, Cell.

[37]  Norbert Perrimon,et al.  The orthodenticle gene is regulated by bicoid and torso and specifies Drosophila head development , 1990, Nature.

[38]  M Hoch,et al.  Transcriptional control by Drosophila gap genes , 1992, Journal of Cell Science.

[39]  Jonathan D. Licht,et al.  Drosophila Krüppel protein is a transcriptional represser , 1990, Nature.

[40]  M. Levine,et al.  Individual dorsal morphogen binding sites mediate activation and repression in the Drosophila embryo. , 1992, The EMBO journal.

[41]  Tom Maniatis,et al.  Early and late periodic patterns of even skipped expression are controlled by distinct regulatory elements that respond to different spatial cues , 1989, Cell.

[42]  Ruth Lehmann,et al.  Nanos is the localized posterior determinant in Drosophila , 1991, Cell.

[43]  M. Levine,et al.  Dose-dependent regulation of pair-rule stripes by gap proteins and the initiation of segment polarity. , 1990, Development.

[44]  C. Nüsslein-Volhard,et al.  The origin of pattern and polarity in the Drosophila embryo , 1992, Cell.

[45]  G. Riddihough,et al.  Individual stripe regulatory elements in the Drosophila hairy promoter respond to maternal, gap, and pair-rule genes. , 1991, Genes & development.

[46]  C. Nüsslein-Volhard,et al.  The functional domains of the Drosophila morphogen dorsal: evidence from the analysis of mutants. , 1992, Genes & development.

[47]  M. Levine,et al.  Mutually repressive interactions between the gap genes giant and Krüppel define middle body regions of the Drosophila embryo. , 1991, Development.

[48]  J. Gergen,et al.  The Drosophila segmentation gene runt encodes a novel nuclear regulatory protein that is also expressed in the developing nervous system. , 1990, Genes & development.

[49]  Walter J. Gehring,et al.  Control elements of the Drosophila segmentation gene fushi tarazu , 1985, Cell.

[50]  W. McGinnis,et al.  Expression and embryonic function of empty spiracles: a Drosophila homeo box gene with two patterning functions on the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo. , 1989, Genes & development.

[51]  M Hoch,et al.  Spatial control of the gap gene knirps in the Drosophila embryo by posterior morphogen system. , 1992, Science.

[52]  H. Lipshitz Axis specification in the Drosophila embryo. , 1991, Current opinion in cell biology.

[53]  H. Jäckle,et al.  Control and function of terminal gap gene activity in the posterior pole region of the Drosophila embryo , 1991, Mechanisms of Development.

[54]  H. Jäckle,et al.  Role of gap genes in early Drosophila development. , 1990, Advances in genetics.

[55]  M. Levine,et al.  Transcriptional regulation of a pair-rule stripe in Drosophila. , 1991, Genes & development.

[56]  M. Mckeown,et al.  Drosophila ultraspiracle modulates ecdysone receptor function via heterodimer formation , 1992, Cell.

[57]  R. Lehmann,et al.  Pumilio is essential for function but not for distribution of the Drosophila abdominal determinant Nanos. , 1992, Genes & development.

[58]  C. S. Parker,et al.  Transcriptional control of Drosophila fushi tarazu zebra stripe expression. , 1989, Genes & development.

[59]  M. Levine,et al.  Activation and repression of transcription by the gap proteins hunchback and Krüppel in cultured Drosophila cells. , 1991, Genes & development.

[60]  Robert J. Diaz,et al.  The Drosophila gene tailless is expressed at the embryonic termini and is a member of the steroid receptor superfamily , 1990, Cell.

[61]  G. Lavorgna,et al.  FTZ-F1, a steroid hormone receptor-like protein implicated in the activation of fushi tarazu , 1991, Science.

[62]  M. Bienz,et al.  Segmental determination in Drosophila conferred by hunchback (hb), a repressor of the homeotic gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx). , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[63]  B. Thisse,et al.  Sequence-specific transactivation of the Drosophila twist gene by the dorsal gene product , 1991, Cell.

[64]  C. Nüsslein-Volhard,et al.  cactus, a gene involved in dorsoventral pattern formation of Drosophila, is related to the IκB gene family of vertebrates , 1992, Cell.

[65]  Michael Levine,et al.  Sequence-specific DNA-binding activities of the gap proteins encoded by hunchback and Krüppel in Drosophila , 1989, Nature.

[66]  M. Scott,et al.  A sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that activates fushi tarazu segmentation gene expression. , 1990, Genes & development.

[67]  M. Levine,et al.  The dorsal gradient morphogen regulates stripes of rhomboid expression in the presumptive neuroectoderm of the Drosophila embryo. , 1992, Genes & development.

[68]  Peter A. Lawrence,et al.  Control of Drosophila body pattern by the hunchback morphogen gradient , 1992, Cell.

[69]  M. Levine,et al.  Regulation of even‐skipped stripe 2 in the Drosophila embryo. , 1992, The EMBO journal.

[70]  J R Nilsson,et al.  Effects of DMSO on vacuole formation, contractile vacuole function, and nuclear division in Tetrahymena pyriformis GL. , 1974, Journal of Cell Science.

[71]  M Hoch,et al.  Competition for overlapping sites in the regulatory region of the Drosophila gene Krüppel. , 1992, Science.

[72]  M Klingler,et al.  Two gap genes mediate maternal terminal pattern information in Drosophila. , 1990, Science.

[73]  G. Struhl,et al.  Decoding positional information: regulation of the pair-rule gene hairy. , 1990, Development.

[74]  C. Nüsslein-Volhard,et al.  A gradient of bicoid protein in Drosophila embryos , 1988, Cell.

[75]  V. Pirrotta,et al.  The giant gene of Drosophila encodes a b-ZIP DNA-binding protein that regulates the expression of other segmentation gap genes. , 1992, Development.

[76]  E. Steingrímsson,et al.  bicoid and the terminal system activate tailless expression in the early Drosophila embryo. , 1992, Development.

[77]  M. Levine,et al.  Spatial regulation of the gap gene giant during Drosophila development. , 1991, Development.

[78]  A. Travers,et al.  The tramtrack gene encodes a Drosophila finger protein that interacts with the ftz transcriptional regulatory region and shows a novel embryonic expression pattern. , 1990, The EMBO journal.

[79]  N. Gay,et al.  Drosophila Toll and IL-1 receptor , 1991, Nature.

[80]  M. Scott,et al.  The molecular genetic basis of positional information in insect segments. , 1992, Results and problems in cell differentiation.