Prediction of NOx emissions for high speed DI Diesel engines using a semi-empirical, two-zone model

Abstract In the present paper, the authors have applied a newly developed semi-empirical, zero-dimensional, two-zone model on two automotive DI Diesel engines: a heavy (truck) and a light-duty (passenger car) engine. The aim of the study is to examine model’s ability to predict NO x trends with the variation of engine load/speed, fuel injection timing, EGR rate, boost pressure and fuel injection pressure. The model makes use of cylinder geometrical data, basis engine operating data and the experimental combustion rate, as deduced from heat release analysis, to calculate engine tailpipe exhaust NO emissions and their formation history inside the combustion chamber. Apparently, combustion and hence NO x formation, occurs inside the burnt zone. The required air for the combustion is provided from the unburnt zone. The entrained air mass, at each time step, is calculated using a mean equivalence ratio value and the corresponding fuel mass burnt during the calculation time step (as defined by the experimental combustion rate). The mean equivalence ratio value, at each operating point, is obtained using a new correlation which makes use of parameters derived from the processing of the measured pressure trace, as well as typical engine operating parameters. NO (the predominant part of total NO x ) is calculated using the extended Zeldovich mechanism at each time step (during combustion and expansion). Thus, the NO formation history inside the cylinder is provided, considering the two-zone approach. The specific concept of the two-zone approach combined with the utilization of engine’s measured parameters, the empirical correlation for the mean equivalent ratio and the simplicity of the model’s calculations, provide a robust and time efficient tool for NO prediction which can be applied on various engine configurations and operating conditions without extended calibration. The derived results reveal model’s ability to predict exhaust NO emissions and trends satisfactorily at a variety of engine settings. Considering its low computational cost, it can serve as a useful tool for emissions trade-off optimization studies, as well as for real-time model based NO x control applications.

[1]  P. Tunestal,et al.  Zero-dimensional modeling of NOx formation with least squares interpolation , 2014 .

[2]  Luigi del Re,et al.  Dynamic Engine Emission Models , 2010 .

[3]  Dimitrios T. Hountalas,et al.  Evolution and application of a pseudo-multi-zone model for the prediction of NOx emissions from large-scale diesel engines at various operating conditions , 2014 .

[4]  D. Hountalas,et al.  Evaluation of a Semiempirical, Zero-Dimensional, Multizone Model to Predict Nitric Oxide Emissions in DI Diesel Engines’ Combustion Chamber , 2016 .

[5]  Fabrizio Diotallevi,et al.  Development of a Multi-Zone Model for NOx Formation in Diesel Engines , 2007 .

[6]  Raouf Mobasheri,et al.  Analysis the effect of advanced injection strategies on engine performance and pollutant emissions in a heavy duty DI-diesel engine by CFD modeling , 2012 .

[7]  Rolf Egnell,et al.  Modelling Diesel Engine Combustion and NOx Formation for Model Based Control and Simulation of Engine and Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems , 2006 .

[8]  A. Savitzky,et al.  Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by Simplified Least Squares Procedures. , 1964 .

[9]  Dimitrios T. Hountalas,et al.  Multi-Zone Combustion Modeling as a Tool for DI Diesel Engine Development – Application for the Effect of Injection Pressure , 2004 .

[10]  Lino Guzzella,et al.  A fast and accurate physics-based model for the NOx emissions of Diesel engines , 2013 .

[11]  Dimitrios T. Hountalas,et al.  Validation of Multi-Zone Combustion Model Ability to Predict Two Stroke Diesel Engine Performance and NOx Emissions Using on Board Measurements , 2012 .

[12]  Dimitrios T. Hountalas,et al.  A general purpose diagnostic technique for marine diesel engines – Application on the main propulsion and auxiliary diesel units of a marine vessel , 2010 .

[13]  Lars Eriksson,et al.  A computationally efficient Kalman filter based estimator for updating look-up tables applied to NOx estimation in diesel engines , 2013 .

[14]  Rolf Isermann,et al.  Emission model structures for an implementation on engine control units , 2011 .

[15]  Claude Valery Ngayihi Abbe,et al.  A study on the 0D phenomenological model for diesel engine simulation: Application to combustion of Neem methyl esther biodiesel , 2015 .

[16]  Dimitrios T. Hountalas,et al.  Prediction of marine diesel engine performance under fault conditions , 2000 .

[17]  José J. López,et al.  New 0-D methodology for predicting NO formation under continuously varying temperature and mixture composition conditions , 2015 .

[18]  Carlos Guardiola,et al.  Sensitivity Study of a NOx Estimation Model for On-Board Applications , 2008 .

[19]  A C Lloyd,et al.  Diesel Engines: Environmental Impact and Control , 2001, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[20]  Ezio Spessa,et al.  A real time zero-dimensional diagnostic model for the calculation of in-cylinder temperatures, HRR and nitrogen oxides in diesel engines , 2014 .

[21]  John B. Heywood,et al.  Internal combustion engine fundamentals , 1988 .

[22]  Jose J. Lopez,et al.  Semiempirical in-cylinder pressure based model for NOX prediction oriented to control applications , 2011 .

[23]  Timothy V. Johnson,et al.  Review of diesel emissions and control , 2009 .

[24]  H. Çakir,et al.  Nitric Oxide Formation in Diesel Engines , 1974 .

[25]  G. Weisser,et al.  Modelling of combustion and nitric oxide formation for medium-speed DI diesel engines , 2001 .

[26]  E. S. Starkman,et al.  A Consideration of the High Temperature Thermodynamics of Internal Combustion Engines , 1962 .

[27]  R. J. B. Way,et al.  Methods for Determination of Composition and Thermodynamic Properties of Combustion Products for Internal Combustion Engine Calculations , 1976 .

[28]  Rolf Johansson,et al.  A Physical Two-Zone NOx Model Intended for Embedded Implementation , 2009 .

[29]  Dennis N. Assanis,et al.  Multi-Zone DI Diesel Spray Combustion Model for Cycle Simulation Studies of Engine Performance and Emissions , 2001 .

[30]  Ming Jia,et al.  The effect of injection timing and intake valve close timing on performance and emissions of diesel PCCI engine with a full engine cycle CFD simulation , 2011 .

[31]  Octavio Armas,et al.  Influence of measurement errors and estimated parameters on combustion diagnosis , 2006 .

[32]  J. Dec.  A Conceptual Model of DI Diesel Combustion Based on Laser-Sheet Imaging* , 1997 .

[33]  Dimitrios T. Hountalas,et al.  Evaluation of a New Diagnostic Technique to Detect and Account for Load Variation during Cylinder Pressure Measurement of Large-Scale Four-Stroke Diesel Engines , 2012 .

[34]  Bengt Johansson,et al.  A Predictive Real Time NOx Model for Conventional and Partially Premixed Diesel Combustion , 2006 .

[35]  L. Guzzella,et al.  Optimisation-oriented modelling of the NOx emissions of a Diesel engine , 2013 .

[36]  Dimitrios T. Hountalas,et al.  Detailed Evaluation of a New Semi-Empirical Two-Zone NOx Model by Application on Various Diesel Engine Configurations , 2012 .

[37]  Cem Sorusbay,et al.  Double-Wiebe function: An approach for single-zone HCCI engine modeling , 2008 .

[38]  George Kosmadakis,et al.  Heat transfer and crevice flow in a hydrogen-fueled spark-ignition engine: Effect on the engine performance and NO exhaust emissions , 2013 .

[39]  Mohand Tazerout,et al.  Single zone combustion modeling of biodiesel from wastes in diesel engine , 2013 .

[40]  Dimitrios T. Hountalas,et al.  Detailed Evaluation of a New Semi-Empirical Multi-Zone NOxModel by Application on Various Diesel Engine Configurations , 2012 .

[41]  R. Hanson,et al.  Survey of Rate Constants in the N/H/O System , 1984 .

[42]  J. Heywood,et al.  Experimental and Theoretical Study of Nitric Oxide Formation in Internal Combustion Engines , 1970 .

[43]  G. Woschni.  A Universally Applicable Equation for the Instantaneous Heat Transfer Coefficient in the Internal Combustion Engine , 1967 .

[44]  Nikolaos Savva,et al.  Development and Evaluation of a Semi–empirical Multi–zone Thermodynamic Model for the Estimation of Nitric Oxide Emissions and Formation History in Diesel Engines Using the Measured Cylinder Pressure Trace. , 2015 .

[45]  Sunghwan Cho,et al.  Prediction of real-time NO based on the in-cylinder pressure in Diesel engines , 2011 .

[46]  Carla Silva,et al.  Modelling of NOx emission factors from heavy and light-duty vehicles equipped with advanced aftertreatment systems , 2011 .

[47]  W. J. D. Annand,et al.  Heat Transfer in the Cylinders of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines , 1963 .

[48]  J. Caton,et al.  Nitric oxide and soot emissions determined from a multi-zone thermodynamic direct-injection diesel engine combustion model , 2014 .

[49]  Ezio Spessa,et al.  A control-oriented real-time semi-empirical model for the prediction of NOx emissions in diesel engines , 2014 .

[50]  C. D. Rakopoulos,et al.  A fast algorithm for calculating the composition of diesel combustion products using 11 species chemical equilibrium scheme , 1994 .

[51]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  Development and testing of diesel engine CFD models , 1995 .