A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives

CONCERNS ABOUT THE HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS associated with some chemical products and processes have motivated a growing number of national, state, and local governments, manufacturers, and retailers to develop assessments and approaches for finding safer chemical substitutes. These existing assessment frameworks reflect a range of different priorities, whether the focus is on protecting workers, the environment, the end users of products, or other interests. This report builds on those frameworks to develop a more universally-applicable decision framework for evaluating potentially safer chemical alternatives. BOARD ON CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY OCTOBER 2014

[1]  T. Knudsen,et al.  A roadmap for the development of alternative (non-animal) methods for systemic toxicity testing. , 2012, ALTEX.

[2]  Susan A. Caskey,et al.  Chemicals of Concern. , 2015 .

[3]  Jason Jerald ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS , 2015 .

[4]  Richard A Becker,et al.  Toxicity testing in the 21st century: a view from the chemical industry. , 2009, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[5]  I. W. Bartlett,et al.  Substitution of Organic Solvent Cleaning Agents in the Lithographic Printing Industry , 1999 .

[6]  Valérie Zuang,et al.  Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing: current status and future prospects—2010 , 2011, Archives of Toxicology.

[7]  Jonathan Roughgarden,et al.  Rule of thumb , 1991, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[8]  F. Scarano,et al.  Rio+20: Lead by example , 2012, Nature.

[9]  Domy C. Adriano,et al.  Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments: Biogeochemistry, Bioavailability, and Risks of Metals , 2001 .

[10]  Nan An,et al.  Global Model for Octanol‐Water Partition Coefficients from Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra , 2014, Molecular informatics.

[11]  George Daston,et al.  3.11. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity , 2005, Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA.

[12]  Theodor J. Stewart,et al.  Multiple criteria decision analysis - an integrated approach , 2001 .

[13]  Jiri Aubrecht,et al.  Predicting safety toleration of pharmaceutical chemical leads: cytotoxicity correlations to exploratory toxicity studies. , 2010, Toxicology letters.

[14]  I. staff Front end , 2002 .

[15]  John Kenworthy Rule of 5 , 2013 .

[16]  R. Tennant,et al.  Definitive relationships among chemical structure, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity for 301 chemicals tested by the U.S. NTP. , 1991, Mutation research.

[17]  Thomas F Parkerton,et al.  Comparing laboratory and field measured bioaccumulation endpoints , 2012, Integrated environmental assessment and management.

[18]  Bas J Blaauboer,et al.  The use of biomarkers of toxicity for integrating in vitro hazard estimates into risk assessment for humans. , 2012, ALTEX.

[19]  Bas J Blaauboer,et al.  Biokinetic Modeling and in Vitro–in Vivo Extrapolations , 2010, Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews.

[20]  R. Elton,et al.  Occupational asthma and the chemical properties of low molecular weight organic substances. , 1994, Occupational medicine.

[21]  R. W. Kapp,et al.  Toxic Substances Control Act , 2014 .

[22]  A. Robertson,et al.  Structure activity hypotheses in occupational asthma caused by low molecular weight substances. , 1991, The Annals of occupational hygiene.

[23]  William G. Brumbaugh,et al.  Toxicity of nickel-spiked freshwater sediments to benthic invertebrates-Spiking methodology, species sensitivity, and nickel bioavailability , 2011 .

[24]  Alessandro Giuliani,et al.  Alternatives to the carcinogenicity bioassay: in silico methods, and the in vitro and in vivo mutagenicity assays , 2010, Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology.

[25]  Romualdo Benigni,et al.  Carcinogenicity of the aromatic amines: from structure-activity relationships to mechanisms of action and risk assessment. , 2002, Mutation research.

[26]  Alessandro Giuliani,et al.  Putting the Predictive Toxicology Challenge Into Perspective: Reflections on the Results , 2003, Bioinform..

[27]  Pawel L Urban,et al.  Nanoparticles: their potential toxicity, waste and environmental management. , 2009, Waste management.

[28]  Mary Ann Curran,et al.  Life-cycle analysis , 1992 .

[29]  John Whittaker,et al.  Rules of Thumb , 1996 .

[30]  Robert S Boethling,et al.  Using Biowin™, Bayes, and batteries to predict ready biodegradability , 2004, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.