Geographical data modeling

Data modeling is defined as the process of discretizing spatial variation, but may be confused with issues of data structure, and driven by available software rather than by a concern for accurate representation. We review the alternative data models available in spatial databases, and assess them from the perspective of accurate representation of geographical reality. Extensions are discussed, particularly for three dimensions and time dependence.

[1]  M. Goodchild.  Stepping Over The Line: Technological Constraints And the New Cartography , 1988 .

[2]  E. F. Codd,et al.  Relational database: a practical foundation for productivity , 1982, CACM.

[3]  Kenneth Dueker,et al.  Modeling Cadastral Spatial Relationships , 1988 .

[4]  Frank Manola.  Object-Oriented Databases , 1993, TOOLS.

[5]  G. Lakoff,et al.  Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind , 1988 .

[6]  R. Wallace.  The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason , 1988 .

[7]  John R. Herring.  TIGRIS: a data model for an object-oriented geographic information system , 1992 .

[8]  Hiroshi Akima,et al.  A Method of Bivariate Interpolation and Smooth Surface Fitting for Irregularly Distributed Data Points , 1978, TOMS.

[9]  E. F. Codd,et al.  Relational database: a practical foundation for productivity , 1982, CACM.

[10]  Harold Moellering,et al.  A draft proposed standard for digital cartographic data , 1987 .

[11]  Ralf Hartmut Güting,et al.  Geo-Relational Algebra: A Model and Query Language for Geometric Database Systems , 1988, EDBT.

[12]  Andrew U. Frank,et al.  The Fieldtree: A Data Structure for Geographic Information Systems , 1990, SSD.

[13]  M. S. Mayzner,et al.  Cognition And Reality , 1976 .

[14]  Hanan Samet,et al.  Hierarchical representations of collections of small rectangles , 1988, CSUR.

[15]  N. Lam.  Spatial Interpolation Methods: A Review , 1983 .

[16]  Ellis Horowitz,et al.  Abstract data types and software validation , 1978, CACM.

[17]  Sarah B. M. Bell,et al.  Raster GIS: models of raster encoding , 1992 .

[18]  Andrew U. Frank.  Computer assisted cartography: graphics or geometry? , 1984 .

[19]  A. Robinson.  Elements of Cartography , 1953 .

[20]  M. Tamer Özsu,et al.  Advances in Object-Oriented Database Systems , 1994, NATO ASI Series.

[21]  Alfonso F. Cardenas,et al.  Data Base Management Systems , 1985 .

[22]  G. Lakoff,et al.  Metaphors We Live by , 1981 .

[23]  Andrew U. Frank,et al.  Application of DBMS to Land Information Systems , 1981, VLDB.

[24]  Terence R. Smith,et al.  Design and Implementation of Large Spatial Databases , 1989, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[25]  A. Frank,et al.  Cell Graphs: A Provable Correct Method for the Storage of Geometry * , 1986 .

[26]  D. Mark,et al.  The Nature Of Boundaries On ‘Area-Class’ Maps , 1989 .

[27]  J Corbett,et al.  Topological principles in cartography , 1979 .

[28]  P. Pizor.  Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment. , 1987 .

[29]  P. S. Aleksandrov,et al.  Elementary concepts of topology , 1961 .

[30]  Peter F. Fisher.  Knowledge-based approaches to determining and correcting areas of unreliability in geographic databases , 1989 .

[31]  Donna J. Peuquet,et al.  A Conceptual Framework and Comparison of Spatial Data Models , 1984 .

[32]  Hanan Samet,et al.  The Design and Analysis of Spatial Data Structures , 1989 .

[33]  C. Tomlin.  Geographic information systems and cartographic modeling , 1990 .

[34]  Joseph A. Goguen,et al.  Modular Algebraic Specification of Some Basic Geometrical Constructions , 1988, Artif. Intell..

[35]  Mary Kate Beard.  Multiple representations from a detailed database : a scheme for automated generalization , 1988 .

[36]  Carl August Zehnder.  Informationssysteme und Datenbanken , 1985 .

[37]  Andreas Ulrich Heinrich Frank.  Datenstrukturen für Landinformationssysteme , 1982 .

[38]  M. Goodchild,et al.  Chapter 10 Modeling error in objects and fields , 1989 .

[39]  David A. Bennett,et al.  Object-oriented locational analysis , 1989 .

[40]  E. F. Codd,et al.  A Relational Model for Large Shared Data Banks , 1970 .

[41]  J. Ord,et al.  Spatial Processes. Models and Applications , 1982 .

[42]  Hanan Samet,et al.  Applications of spatial data structures , 1989 .

[43]  Donna Peuquet.  A hybrid structure for the storage and manipulation of very large spatial data sets , 1983, Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process..

[44]  Jay F. Nunamaker,et al.  FORTRAN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CODASYL DATA BASE TASK GROUP REPORT. , 1974 .

[45]  Donna J. Peuquet,et al.  Representations of Geographic Space: Toward a Conceptual Synthesis , 1988 .