Deep Learning Framework For Mobile Microscopy

Mobile microscopy is a promising technology to assist and to accelerate disease diagnostics, with its widespread adoption being hindered by the mediocre quality of acquired images. Although some paired image translation and super-resolution approaches for mobile microscopy have emerged, a set of essential challenges, necessary for automating it in a high-throughput setting, still await to be addressed. The issues like in-focus/out-of-focus classification, fast scanning deblurring, focus-stacking, etc. all have specific peculiarities when the data are recorded using a mobile device. In this work, we aspire to create a comprehensive pipeline by connecting a set of methods purposely tuned to mobile microscopy: (1) a CNN model for stable in-focus / out-of-focus classification, (2) modified DeblurGAN architecture for image deblurring, (3) FuseGAN model for combining in-focus parts from multiple images to boost the detail. We discuss the limitations of the existing solutions developed for professional clinical microscopes, propose corresponding improvements, and compare to the other state-of-the-art mobile analytics solutions.

[1]  Li Chen,et al.  FFusionCGAN: An end-to-end fusion method for few-focus images using conditional GAN in cytopathological digital slides , 2020, ArXiv.

[2]  Daniel A. Fletcher,et al.  Point-of-care quantification of blood-borne filarial parasites with a mobile phone microscope , 2015, Science Translational Medicine.

[3]  Stephan Hoyer,et al.  Assessing microscope image focus quality with deep learning , 2018, BMC Bioinformatics.

[4]  Vincent Dumoulin,et al.  Deconvolution and Checkerboard Artifacts , 2016 .

[5]  Hai Su,et al.  Deep Learning in Microscopy Image Analysis: A Survey , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems.

[6]  G. Cristóbal,et al.  Evaluation of autofocus measures for microscopy images of biopsy and cytology , 2011, International Commission for Optics.

[7]  Yu Liu,et al.  Multi-focus image fusion with a deep convolutional neural network , 2017, Inf. Fusion.

[8]  S Mishra,et al.  Identification of robust focus measure functions for the automated capturing of focused images from Ziehl–Neelsen stained sputum smear microscopy slide , 2017, Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology.

[9]  Ramazan Savas Aygün,et al.  FocusALL: Focal Stacking of Microscopic Images Using Modified Harris Corner Response Measure , 2016, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics.

[10]  Thomas Brox,et al.  U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation , 2015, MICCAI.

[11]  Alan C. Bovik,et al.  No-Reference Image Quality Assessment in the Spatial Domain , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[12]  Gerard L. Coté,et al.  Malaria Diagnosis Using a Mobile Phone Polarized Microscope , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[13]  Bing-Yu Chen,et al.  Blurred Image Detection and Classification , 2008, MMM.

[14]  Yi Li,et al.  Simultaneous estimation of image quality and distortion via multi-task convolutional neural networks , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP).

[15]  Timo Kohlberger,et al.  Whole-Slide Image Focus Quality: Automatic Assessment and Impact on AI Cancer Detection , 2019, Journal of pathology informatics.

[16]  Daniel A. Fletcher,et al.  Mobile Digital Fluorescence Microscopy for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis , 2013, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[17]  Yu Liu,et al.  IFCNN: A general image fusion framework based on convolutional neural network , 2020, Inf. Fusion.

[18]  Christian Ledig,et al.  Photo-Realistic Single Image Super-Resolution Using a Generative Adversarial Network , 2016, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[19]  Xiaoou Tang,et al.  Image Super-Resolution Using Deep Convolutional Networks , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[20]  Gerard Lozanski,et al.  DeepFocus: Detection of out-of-focus regions in whole slide digital images using deep learning , 2018, PloS one.

[21]  Jiri Matas,et al.  DeblurGAN: Blind Motion Deblurring Using Conditional Adversarial Networks , 2017, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[22]  Jinde Cao,et al.  FuseGAN: Learning to Fuse Multi-Focus Image via Conditional Generative Adversarial Network , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia.

[23]  Yibo Zhang,et al.  Deep learning enhanced mobile-phone microscopy , 2017, ACS Photonics.