A review of monitoring technologies for real-time management of cyanobacteria: Recent advances and future direction

Abstract The frequency and intensity of potentially toxic cyanobacterial blooms in water sources are increasing. Currently, the water industry relies on laboratory analysis of cyanobacteria that can take two-five days; there is therefore a need to improve response time. Online fluorometric probes (also called “fluorescence probes” in some publications) are available for the rapid detection of cyanobacteria cells via measurement of specific pigmentation; however, water quality interferences with probe measurements in natural environments hinder their wider application. This review aims to investigate the sources of interference and bias, and assess the applicability of these probes for measurement of water supplies. Reported laboratory and field validation of these probes showed that their readings were sufficiently accurate. Correction procedures have been investigated for the identified sources of interferences but require field validation. Fluorometric probes can help with decision making during plant operation and have the potential to be applied as a management technique; however, probe users should be fully aware of the sources of interferences when interpreting the in situ probe measurements.

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