Underpinning wheat physiological and molecular responses to co-occurring iron and 1 phosphate deficiency stress 2

Iron (Fe) and phosphate (P) are essential mineral nutrients for plant growth and development. 35 While it is known that Fe and P pathways interacts within plants however, our understanding 36 of the molecular mechanisms regulating nutrient interaction during plant vegetative and 37 reproductive stages remains largely unknown. Herein, we provide a comprehensive 38 physiological and molecular analysis of hexaploid wheat response to single P/Fe and 39 combined Fe and P deficiency. Our data showed that wheat primary root growth was 40 inhibited in response to –Fe, and remarkably rescued by co-occurring deficiencies of Fe and 41 P. Transcriptome analysis revealed drastic and distinct molecular rearrangements to adapt the 42 single and combined nutrient stress with dominance of Fe responsive cis-regulatory elements. 43 Gene-based clustering and root-specific transcriptome expression analysis identify several 44 important unique components induced in response to combined stress –Fe–P, including UDP- 45 glycosyltransferases and cytochrome-P450 and glutathione metabolism. These data are 46 consistent with our metabolome data, which further reveals specific metabolite accumulation 47 in –Fe–P those include amino-isobutyric acid, arabinonic acid and aconitic acid. Finally, at 48 reproductive stage alleviations of the negative effect of Fe was also observed in –Fe–P (i.e. 49 spikelet and grain development). Collectively, the data obtained is essential for designing 50 new strategies to improve resilience of crops to cope with the limited nutrients in soils. 51 52 53 54 55 Highlight: 56 59 Our our data

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