In order to solve the existing traditional rural drinking water monitoring in a lot of manpower, material resources, real-time, this paper introduces a WSN based on the rural drinking water source monitoring system design, the system consists of five parts: water quality monitoring, soil monitoring node node, node, routing node and gateway server. Water quality monitoring node, soil monitoring nodes send the collected data to the gateway node through the wireless module sent directly, or through the routing gateway node to the gateway node, each node of the data collection, unified by the GPRS module to upload server. The system can periodically detect the water quality and the important indicators of the soil in the rural water sources, and combine the water pollution with the soil non-point source pollution to realize on-line monitoring and provide guidance for pollution control. Network test shows that the designed system can realize data acquisition and remote transmission, stability, range of dissolved oxygen system for 1.09%~1.86% acquisition error, pH error is in the range of 0.64%~1.68%, Cu concentration in the range of error is 1.98%~2.22%, Cu concentration in the range of error is 1.58%~ 2.01%.