Beyond the attentional blink: visual masking by object substitution.

If 2 targets are to be identified among distractors displayed in rapid sequence, correct identification of the 1st target hinders identification of the 2nd. To obtain this attentional blink (AB), the 1st target must be masked with a simultaneous (integration) or a delayed (interruption) mask indifferently. In 3 experiments, it was shown that the 2nd target must also be masked, but that the precise form of masking is important: An AB occurs with interruption but not with integration masking. This nonequivalence of masking paradigms parallels that found in studies of masked priming, a phenomenon arguably related to the AB. The results are explained by a revised 2-stage model (M. M. Chun & M. C. Potter, 1995).

[1]  Peter H. Schiller,et al.  Forward and backward masking as a function of relative overlap and intensity of test and masking stimuli , 1966 .

[2]  T. Spencer,et al.  Evidence for an interruption theory of backward masking. , 1970, Journal of experimental psychology.

[3]  Dean G. Purcell,et al.  U-shaped backward masking functions with nonmetacontrast paradigms , 1970 .

[4]  Michael T. Turvey,et al.  Hemiretinae and nonmonotonic masking functions with overlapping stimuli , 1973 .

[5]  M. Turvey.  On peripheral and central processes in vision: inferences from an information-processing analysis of masking with patterned stimuli. , 1973, Psychological review.

[6]  E Scheerer,et al.  Integration, interruption and processing rate in visual backward masking , 1973, Psychologische Forschung.

[7]  S. Dornič,et al.  Attention and performance V , 1976 .

[8]  T Bachmann,et al.  Integration and Interruption in the Masking of Form by Form , 1976, Perception.

[9]  J. Duncan.  The locus of interference in the perception of simultaneous stimuli. , 1980, Psychological review.

[10]  A. Marcel.  Conscious and unconscious perception: An approach to the relations between phenomenal experience and perceptual processes , 1983, Cognitive Psychology.

[11]  A. Marcel.  Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition , 1983, Cognitive Psychology.

[12]  Arnulf Remole,et al.  VISUAL MASKING: AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH , 1985 .

[13]  P. Merikle,et al.  Distinguishing conscious from unconscious perceptual processes. , 1986, Canadian journal of psychology.

[14]  David E. Irwin,et al.  Sensory registration and informational persistence. , 1986, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[15]  G. Sperling,et al.  Dynamics of automatic and controlled visual attention. , 1987, Science.

[16]  J S Brown,et al.  Tests of a model of informational persistence. , 1987, Canadian journal of psychology.

[17]  V. di Lollo,et al.  Two forms of persistence in visual information processing. , 1988, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[18]  Thomas H. Carr,et al.  Task-induced strategies and near-threshold priming: Conscious influences on unconscious perception. , 1989 .

[19]  Thomas H. Carr,et al.  Semantic priming and repetition priming from masked words: evidence for a center-surround attentional mechanism in perceptual recognition. , 1990, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[20]  V Di Lollo,et al.  Effects of display luminance, stimulus meaningfulness, and probe duration on visible and schematic persistence. , 1991, Canadian journal of psychology.

[21]  K L Shapiro,et al.  Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: an attentional blink? . , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[22]  Kimron Shapiro,et al.  Direct measurement of attentional dwell time in human vision , 1994, Nature.

[23]  Karen M. Arnell,et al.  Attention to visual pattern information produces the attentional blink in rapid serial visual presentation. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[24]  M. Masson,et al.  Using confidence intervals in within-subject designs , 1994, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[25]  M. Potter,et al.  A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[26]  K L Shapiro,et al.  Similarity determines the attentional blink. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[27]  H. Egeth,et al.  Are attentional dwell times inconsistent with serial visual search? , 1996, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[28]  J. Duncan,et al.  The Slow Time-Course of Visual Attention , 1996, Cognitive Psychology.

[29]  E. Vogel,et al.  Word meanings can be accessed but not reported during the attentional blink , 1996, Nature.

[30]  J. Driver,et al.  Priming from the Attentional Blink: A Failure to Extract Visual Tokens but Not Visual Types , 1997 .

[31]  H. Egeth,et al.  Beyond similarity: Masking of the target is sufficient to cause the attentional blink , 1997, Perception & psychophysics.

[32]  V. Lollo,et al.  Low-level masking in the attentional blink , 1997 .

[33]  M. Chun.  Temporal binding errors are redistributed by the attentional blink , 1997, Perception & psychophysics.

[34]  W. Maki,et al.  Associative priming by targets and distractors during rapid serial visual presentation: does word meaning survive the attentional blink? , 1997, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[35]  J. Enns,et al.  Object Substitution: A New Form of Masking in Unattended Visual Locations , 1997 .

[36]  Attention! , 1998, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.