Earthquake-induced economic loss estimation of eccentrically braced frames through roof acceleration-based nonmodel approach

Abstract This paper develops a nonmodel-based approach for seismic loss assessment of buildings with eccentrically braced frames (EBFs). An extensive database is utilized to predict engineering demand parameters (EDPs), including, peak and residual story drift ratios, peak story link rotations, and also peak floor absolute accelerations, along with the height of the buildings. The estimated EDPs are used to assess the total economic losses associated with the collapse, demolition, and repair of structural and/or non-structural components. The database includes seismic intensity measure, improved wavelet-based refined damage-sensitive feature (rDSF) assembled only by the roof absolute acceleration response, geometric information, and EDPs of the 4-, 8-, and 16-story prototype models, extracted from incremental dynamic analyses subjected to 44 far-field ground motions. The nonlinear model of the aforementioned structures was already developed by the authors to capture the response of the structures up to collapse. Symbolic and Bayesian regressions are carried out in addition to ordinary least square linear regression to develop the empirical equations. Moreover, a thorough study is performed on the optimal selection of the intensity measures proposed in the literature as the input variable of the predictive equations through reliability-based sensitivity analysis. To estimate the first mode period of the considered structures to compute the improved wavelet-based rDSF and promote a nonmodel-based approach, Auto-Regressive model with exogenous input is employed. The results show that the story-based EDPs and also the corresponding expected economic losses of EBF buildings are accurately predicted compared with those obtained from incremental dynamic analyses. Consequently, the proposed nonmodel-based approach paves the path for rapid earthquake-induced economic loss assessment of EBF buildings in emergency operations.

[1]  Iunio Iervolino,et al.  Spectral shape proxies and nonlinear structural response , 2011 .

[2]  Dimitrios G. Lignos,et al.  Average spectral acceleration as an intensity measure for collapse risk assessment , 2015 .

[3]  M. Yakhchalian,et al.  Reliable fragility functions for seismic collapse assessment of reinforced concrete special moment resisting frame structures under near‐fault ground motions , 2019, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings.

[4]  Hojjat Adeli,et al.  Fundamental period of irregular eccentrically braced tall steel frame structures , 2016 .

[5]  Dimitrios Vamvatsikos,et al.  Conditional spectrum‐based ground motion record selection using average spectral acceleration , 2017 .

[6]  E. Mirambell,et al.  Numerical study on stainless steel I-shaped links on eccentrically braced frames , 2019, Journal of Constructional Steel Research.

[7]  Kenneth J. Elwood,et al.  Seismic loss estimation of non-ductile reinforced concrete buildings , 2013 .

[8]  Timothy J. Sullivan,et al.  Direct displacement-based seismic design of steel eccentrically braced frame structures , 2013, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering.

[9]  Hyung-Joon Kim,et al.  Seismic design procedure and seismic response of post‐tensioned self‐centering steel frames , 2009 .

[10]  Benyamin Mohebi,et al.  Selection of optimal wavelet-based damage-sensitive feature for seismic damage diagnosis , 2020 .

[11]  Dimitrios G. Lignos,et al.  Nonmodel-based framework for rapid seismic risk and loss assessment of instrumented steel buildings , 2018 .

[12]  Andre Filiatrault,et al.  Seismic response of self‐centring hysteretic SDOF systems , 2002 .

[13]  Dimitrios Vamvatsikos,et al.  Incremental dynamic analysis , 2002 .

[14]  Dick den Hertog,et al.  Order of Nonlinearity as a Complexity Measure for Models Generated by Symbolic Regression via Pareto Genetic Programming , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation.

[15]  Leila Haj Najafi,et al.  Equation for achieving efficient length of link-beams in eccentrically braced frames and its reliability validation , 2017 .

[16]  M. Su,et al.  Experimental and numerical study on the seismic behavior of high-strength steel framed-tube structures with end-plate-connected replaceable shear links , 2020 .

[17]  Mohammad Soheil Ghobadi,et al.  Probabilistic seismic collapse and residual drift assessment of smart buildings equipped with shape memory alloy connections , 2019, Engineering Structures.

[18]  Lennart Ljung,et al.  System Identification: Theory for the User , 1987 .

[19]  Michel Bruneau,et al.  Ductile design of steel structures , 1997 .

[20]  Eric M. Hernandez,et al.  Reconstructing Element-by-Element Dissipated Hysteretic Energy in Instrumented Buildings: Application to the Van Nuys Hotel Testbed , 2020, 2002.12426.

[21]  Hod Lipson,et al.  Distilling Free-Form Natural Laws from Experimental Data , 2009, Science.

[22]  B. Mohebi,et al.  Evaluation of approximate methods for estimating residual drift demands in BRBFs , 2020 .

[23]  Dimitrios G. Lignos,et al.  Effect of Modeling Assumptions on the Earthquake-Induced Losses and Collapse Risk of Steel-Frame Buildings with Special Concentrically Braced Frames , 2017 .

[24]  Eduardo Miranda,et al.  Significance of residual drifts in building earthquake loss estimation , 2012 .

[25]  W. Iwan,et al.  Improvement of Nonlinear Static Seismic Analysis Procedures , 2005 .

[26]  J. Baker,et al.  Prediction of inelastic structural response using an average of spectral accelerations , 2008 .

[27]  Ashraf F. Ashour,et al.  Prediction of self-compacting concrete elastic modulus using two symbolic regression techniques , 2016 .

[28]  B. Mohebi,et al.  Advanced scalar intensity measures for collapse capacity prediction of steel moment resisting frames with fluid viscous dampers , 2018, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.

[29]  Mingzhou Su,et al.  Seismic performance of high-strength steel fabricated eccentrically braced frame with vertical shear link , 2017 .

[30]  Eric M. Hernandez,et al.  Performance-based post-earthquake decision making for instrumented buildings , 2020, Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring.

[31]  Pathmanathan Rajeev,et al.  Energy-based damage index for concentrically braced steel structure using continuous wavelet transform , 2014 .

[32]  Fatemeh Jalayer,et al.  Selection of seismic intensity measures for prescribed limit states using alternative nonlinear dynamic analysis methods , 2020 .

[33]  C. Topkaya,et al.  Development of detachable replaceable links for eccentrically braced frames , 2019, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics.

[34]  Dimitrios G. Lignos,et al.  EARTHQUAKE LOSS ASSESSMENT OF STEEL FRAME BUILDINGS DESIGNED IN HIGHLY SEISMIC REGIONS , 2015 .

[35]  E. Miranda,et al.  Probabilistic estimation of residual drift demands for seismic assessment of multi-story framed buildings , 2010 .

[36]  Pier Paolo Rossi,et al.  Modelling of steel link beams of short, intermediate or long length , 2015 .

[37]  D. Lignos,et al.  Proposed methodology for building‐specific earthquake loss assessment including column residual axial shortening , 2019, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics.

[38]  Dimitrios G. Lignos,et al.  Computational Approach for Collapse Assessment of Concentrically Braced Frames in Seismic Regions , 2014 .

[39]  Marc O. Eberhard,et al.  Ductility‐dependent intensity measure that accounts for ground‐motion spectral shape and duration , 2016 .

[40]  Reginald DesRoches,et al.  Seismic fragility of lightly reinforced concrete frames with masonry infills , 2015 .

[41]  R. Tremblay,et al.  Practical seismic design procedure for steel braced frames with segmental elastic spines , 2019, Journal of Constructional Steel Research.

[42]  Moncef L. Nehdi,et al.  Genetic programming based symbolic regression for shear capacity prediction of SFRC beams , 2021 .

[43]  Jorge Ruiz-García,et al.  Evaluation of approximate methods to estimate residual drift demands in steel framed buildings , 2015 .

[44]  Henrik O. Madsen,et al.  Structural Reliability Methods , 1996 .

[45]  Dimitrios G. Lignos,et al.  Effect of gravity framing on the overstrength and collapse capacity of steel frame buildings with perimeter special moment frames , 2015 .

[46]  Mohamed A. Shahin,et al.  A new model based on evolutionary computing for predicting ultimate pure bending of steel circular tubes , 2014 .

[47]  S. Chatterjee,et al.  Regression Analysis by Example , 1979 .

[48]  Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Elkady,et al.  EaRL - Software for Earthquake Risk, Loss and Lifecycle Analysis , 2020, SoftwareX.

[49]  E. Miranda,et al.  Residual displacement ratios for assessment of existing structures , 2006 .

[50]  Ray Kai Leung Su,et al.  Fragility analysis of low‐rise masonry in‐filled reinforced concrete buildings by a coefficient‐based spectral acceleration method , 2012 .

[51]  Paulo B. Lourenço,et al.  Rapid post-earthquake damage localization and quantification in masonry structures through multidimensional non-linear seismic IDA , 2020 .

[52]  L Lin,et al.  Improved intensity measures for probabilistic seismic demand analysis. Part 1: development of improved intensity measures , 2011 .

[53]  Kiarash M. Dolatshahi,et al.  Predictive equations for drift ratio and damage assessment of RC shear walls using surface crack patterns , 2019, Engineering Structures.

[54]  Michel Bruneau,et al.  Steel Structures Damage from the Christchurch Earthquake Series of 2010 and 2011 , 2011 .

[55]  S. Mallat.  A wavelet tour of signal processing , 1998 .

[56]  Mojtaba Mahsuli,et al.  Detailed seismic risk analysis of buildings using structural reliability methods , 2018 .

[57]  Benyamin Mohebi,et al.  Seismic damage assessment using improved wavelet-based damage-sensitive features , 2020 .

[58]  Kiarash M. Dolatshahi,et al.  Predictive equations for shear link modeling toward collapse , 2017 .

[59]  Farzin Zareian,et al.  Surrogate SDOF models for probabilistic performance assessment of multistory buildings: Methodology and application for steel special moment frames , 2020 .

[60]  Kalil Erazo,et al.  An extended model-based observer for state estimation in nonlinear hysteretic structural systems , 2021 .

[61]  S. Ghimire,et al.  Fragility Curves for Wide-Flange Steel Columns and Implications for Building-Specific Earthquake-Induced Loss Assessment , 2018, Earthquake Spectra.

[62]  Wei Wang,et al.  An experimental study on eccentrically braced beam-through steel frames with replaceable shear links , 2020 .

[63]  Dawn E. Lehman,et al.  A model to simulate special concentrically braced frames beyond brace fracture , 2013 .

[64]  J. Morlet,et al.  Wave propagation and sampling theory—Part I: Complex signal and scattering in multilayered media , 1982 .

[65]  Bowei Ai,et al.  Influential factors of carbon emissions intensity in OECD countries: Evidence from symbolic regression , 2019, Journal of Cleaner Production.

[66]  Cem Topkaya,et al.  A review of research on steel eccentrically braced frames , 2017 .

[67]  Dimitrios G. Lignos,et al.  Assessment of structural damage detection methods for steel structures using full-scale experimental data and nonlinear analysis , 2018, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering.

[68]  Mojtaba Mahsuli.  Probabilistic models, methods, and software for evaluating risk to civil infrastructure , 2012 .

[69]  B. Ellingwood,et al.  Fragility assessment of building structural systems in Mid‐America , 2007 .

[70]  E. P. Popov,et al.  Seismic Behavior of Active Beam Links in Eccentrically Braced Frames , 1983 .

[71]  STEFANO PAMPANIN,et al.  PERFORMANCE-BASED SEISMIC RESPONSE OF FRAME STRUCTURES INCLUDING RESIDUAL DEFORMATIONS. PART II: MULTI-DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEMS , 2003 .

[72]  Ke Ke,et al.  A multi-stage-based nonlinear static procedure for estimating seismic demands of steel MRFs equipped with steel slit walls , 2019, Engineering Structures.

[73]  Dimitrios G. Lignos,et al.  Use of Wavelet-Based Damage-Sensitive Features for Structural Damage Diagnosis Using Strong Motion Data , 2011 .

[74]  Dimitrios G. Lignos,et al.  Earthquake‐induced loss assessment of steel frame buildings with special moment frames designed in highly seismic regions , 2017 .

[75]  David V. Rosowsky,et al.  Estimation of element‐by‐element demand‐to‐capacity ratios in instrumented SMRF buildings using measured seismic response , 2018 .

[76]  Robert Tremblay,et al.  Fundamental Periods of Vibration of Braced Steel Frames for Seismic Design , 2005 .

[77]  Shamim N. Pakzad,et al.  Modified Natural Excitation Technique for Stochastic Modal Identification , 2013 .

[78]  S. Serajzadeh,et al.  Micro-finite element damage modeling in steel plate shear walls , 2020 .

[79]  N. Null.  Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures , 2003 .

[80]  R. Medina,et al.  A practical method for proper modeling of structural damping in inelastic plane structural systems , 2010 .

[81]  Ali Akbar Aghakouchak,et al.  Application of slit link beam in eccentrically braced frames , 2020 .

[82]  Bruce R. Ellingwood,et al.  Seismic fragilities for non-ductile reinforced concrete frames – Role of aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties , 2010 .

[83]  Makoto Ohsaki,et al.  Optimization of Link Member of Eccentrically Braced Frames for Maximum Energy Dissipation , 2012 .

[84]  Iunio Iervolino,et al.  Intensity measure conversion of fragility curves , 2020, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics.

[85]  H. Thode.  Testing For Normality , 2002 .

[86]  Terje Haukaas,et al.  Computer Program for Multimodel Reliability and Optimization Analysis , 2013, J. Comput. Civ. Eng..

[87]  Amir Hossein Alavi,et al.  A new prediction model for the load capacity of castellated steel beams , 2011 .

[88]  John R. Koza,et al.  Genetic programming - on the programming of computers by means of natural selection , 1993, Complex adaptive systems.

[89]  Robert Tremblay,et al.  Seismic Performance of Low-to-Moderate Height Eccentrically Braced Steel Frames Designed for North American Seismic Conditions , 2012 .

[90]  Dimitrios G. Lignos,et al.  EaRL: Toolbox for Earthquake Risk and Loss Assessment of Building Assets , 2018 .

[91]  Dimitrios Vamvatsikos,et al.  Applied Incremental Dynamic Analysis , 2004 .

[92]  M. Yakhchalian,et al.  New vector-valued intensity measure for predicting the collapse capacity of steel moment resisting frames with viscous dampers , 2019, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.

[93]  Sameh S. F. Mehanny.  A broad-range power-law form scalar-based seismic intensity measure , 2009 .

[94]  Ronald O. Hamburger,et al.  Prequalified Connections for Special and Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for Seismic Applications, ANSI/AISC 358-05 , 2006 .

[95]  C. Allin Cornell,et al.  Earthquakes, Records, and Nonlinear Responses , 1998 .

[96]  John R. Koza,et al.  Genetic programming 2 - automatic discovery of reusable programs , 1994, Complex adaptive systems.

[97]  Eduardo Miranda,et al.  Probability-based seismic response analysis , 2005 .

[98]  Alireza Farzampour,et al.  Probabilistic seismic performance and loss evaluation of a multi-story steel building equipped with butterfly-shaped fuses , 2020 .

[99]  Sonia E. Ruiz,et al.  A new ground motion intensity measure IB , 2017 .

[100]  Shamim N. Pakzad,et al.  Framework for Comparison Study of Stochastic Modal Identification Considering Accuracy and Efficiency , 2011 .

[101]  Andrea Dall'Asta,et al.  Elastoplastic model for steel buckling-restrained braces , 2012 .

[102]  STEFANO PAMPANIN,et al.  PERFORMANCE-BASED SEISMIC RESPONSE OF FRAME STRUCTURES INCLUDING RESIDUAL DEFORMATIONS. PART I: SINGLE-DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEMS , 2003 .

[103]  Vincenzo Piluso,et al.  Influence of the bracing scheme on seismic performances of MRF-EBF dual systems , 2017 .

[104]  Dimitrios G. Lignos,et al.  Development of fragility functions as a damage classification/prediction method for steel moment‐resisting frames using a wavelet‐based damage sensitive feature , 2012 .

[105]  Luís Simões da Silva,et al.  Initial stiffness evaluation of reverse channel connections in tension and compression , 2015 .

[106]  Kiarash M. Dolatshahi,et al.  Strength and stiffness estimation of damaged reinforced concrete shear walls using crack patterns , 2020, Structural Control and Health Monitoring.

[107]  Armen Der Kiureghian,et al.  Probabilistic Capacity Models and Fragility Estimates for Reinforced Concrete Columns based on Experimental Observations , 2002 .

[108]  Benyamin Mohebi,et al.  Fragility curves for seismic damage assessment in regular and irregular MRFs using improved wavelet-based damage index , 2021 .

[109]  David V. Rosowsky,et al.  Nonlinear seismic response reconstruction and performance assessment of instrumented wood‐frame buildings—Validation using NEESWood Capstone full‐scale tests , 2019, Structural Control and Health Monitoring.

[110]  F. Mollaioli,et al.  Preliminary ranking of alternative scalar and vector intensity measures of ground shaking , 2015, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering.

[111]  G. C. Tiao,et al.  Bayesian inference in statistical analysis , 1973 .

[112]  Musab Aied Qissab Al-Janabi,et al.  Seismic performance of eccentrically braced frames designed by the conventional and equivalent energy procedures , 2020 .

[113]  A. Imanpour,et al.  Seismic response of steel multi-tiered eccentrically braced frames , 2021, Journal of Constructional Steel Research.

[114]  K. Dolatshahi,et al.  Collapse risk and earthquake-induced loss assessment of buildings with eccentrically braced frames , 2020 .

[115]  Matthew S. Speicher,et al.  Collapse prevention seismic performance assessment of new special concentrically braced frames using ASCE 41 , 2016 .

[116]  Seong-Hoon Hwang,et al.  Evaluation of economic losses and collapse safety of steel moment frame buildings designed for risk categories II and IV , 2019 .

[117]  Feng Wang,et al.  Cyclic behaviour of Y-shaped eccentrically braced frames fabricated with high-strength steel composite , 2016 .

[118]  Gregory G. Deierlein,et al.  Development of a two-parameter seismic intensity measure and probabilistic assessment procedure , 2001 .

[119]  Shamim N. Pakzad,et al.  Statistical Analysis of Vibration Modes of a Suspension Bridge Using Spatially Dense Wireless Sensor Network , 2009 .

[120]  Helmut Krawinkler,et al.  Deterioration Modeling of Steel Components in Support of Collapse Prediction of Steel Moment Frames under Earthquake Loading , 2011 .

[121]  I. Hajirasouliha,et al.  Seismic performance assessment of eccentrically braced steel frames with energy-absorbing links under sequential earthquakes , 2021, Journal of Building Engineering.

[122]  Dimitrios G. Lignos,et al.  Design Decision Support for Steel Frame Buildings through an Earthquake-Induced Loss Assessment , 2015 .

[123]  R. Tremblay,et al.  Modular tied eccentrically braced frames for improved seismic response of tall buildings , 2019, Journal of Constructional Steel Research.

[124]  Mojtaba Mahsuli,et al.  Component damage models for detailed seismic risk analysis using structural reliability methods , 2019, Structural Safety.

[125]  Hyunhoon Choi,et al.  Residual Drift Response of SMRFs and BRB Frames in Steel Buildings Designed according to ASCE 7-05 , 2011 .

[126]  Diego A. Aguirre,et al.  Wavelet-Based Damage Detection in Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Excitations , 2013 .

[127]  A. Elghazouli,et al.  Permanent seismic drifts in steel moment frames , 2018, Journal of constructional steel research.

[128]  Benyamin Mohebi,et al.  Seismic damage diagnosis in adjacent steel and RC MRFs considering pounding effects through improved wavelet-based damage-sensitive feature , 2021 .