Perceived Risk of Online Shopping: Differences Between the UK and China

Internet shopping is becoming the fastest-growing use of the Internet; however, some online consumers still take information gathered online to make purchases offline. A number of researchers attribute consumers’ reluctance to purchase online to perceived risk. This study investigates differences in perceived risk between online shoppers in the UK and China examining six types of perceived risk: financial, product performance, psychological, social, physical, and time risk. The results indicate that both British and Chinese Internet users have a similar aggregated degree of perceived risk. Findings also suggest that while cultural differences might significantly affect relative differences in three specific types of perceived risk, there is not as much variation as might be expected from Hofstede’s uncertainty avoidance dimension.

[1]  J. Jacoby,et al.  The Components of Perceived Risk , 1972 .

[2]  Cheolho Yoon,et al.  The effects of national culture values on consumer acceptance of e-commerce: Online shoppers in China , 2009, Inf. Manag..

[3]  K. B. Murray A Test of Services Marketing Theory: Consumer Information Acquisition Activities , 1991 .

[4]  J. Munuera-Aleman,et al.  Brand trust in the context of consumer loyalty , 2001 .

[5]  Katherine J. Stewart,et al.  Transference as a means of building trust in World Wide Web sites , 1999, ICIS.

[6]  Joseph M. Jones,et al.  Internet consumer catalog shopping: findings from an exploratory study and directions for future research , 1998, Internet Res..

[7]  H. Raghav Rao,et al.  On risk, convenience, and Internet shopping behavior , 2000, CACM.

[8]  Tino Fenech,et al.  Internet users’ adoption of Web retailing: user and product dimensions , 2001 .

[9]  George Brooker,et al.  An Assessment of an Expanded Measure of Perceived Risk , 1984 .

[10]  Andrew J. Rohm,et al.  A typology of online shoppers based on shopping motivations , 2004 .

[11]  G. Hofstede,et al.  Culture′s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values , 1980 .

[12]  Jinsoo Park,et al.  Risk-Focused E-Commerce Adoption Model: A Cross-Country Study , 2004 .

[13]  Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa,et al.  Consumer Trust in an Internet Store: A Cross-Cultural Validation , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[14]  I. P. Akaah A conjoint investigation of the relative importance of risk relievers in direct marketing , 1988 .

[15]  Anthony D. Miyazaki,et al.  Consumer Perceptions of Privacy and Security Risks for Online Shopping , 2001 .

[16]  D. Gefen,et al.  E-commerce: the role of familiarity and trust , 2000 .

[17]  P. Gillett A Profile of Urban In-home Shoppers , 1970 .

[18]  Chao-Min Chiu,et al.  Internet self-efficacy and electronic service acceptance , 2004, Decis. Support Syst..

[19]  Terence A. Shimp,et al.  Warranty and Other Extrinsic Cue Effects on Consumers' Risk Perceptions , 1982 .

[20]  D. Eden Replication, Meta-Analysis, Scientific Progress, and AMJ's Publication Policy , 2002 .

[21]  J. W. Taylor The role of risk in consumer behavior. , 1974 .

[22]  Donald F. Cox,et al.  Perceived Risk and Consumer Decision-Making—The Case of Telephone Shopping , 1964 .

[23]  Thompson S. H. Teo,et al.  Consumer trust in e-commerce in the United States, Singapore and China , 2007 .

[24]  William David Salisbury,et al.  Perceived security and World Wide Web purchase intention , 2001, Ind. Manag. Data Syst..

[25]  G. Hofstede Culture′s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations , 2001 .

[26]  J. H. Davis,et al.  An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust: Past, Present, and Future , 2007 .

[27]  C. Camarero,et al.  Risk, Drivers, and Impediments to Online Shopping in Spain and Japan , 2009 .

[28]  Alev M. Efendioglu,et al.  Chinese culture and e-commerce: an exploratory study , 2004, Interact. Comput..

[29]  R. Staelin,et al.  A Model of Perceived Risk and Intended Risk-handling Activity , 1994 .

[30]  W. H. Rodgers Consumer behavior as risk taking; a new model and new hypotheses. , 1969 .

[31]  F. Huber,et al.  Segmenting cyberspace: a customer typology for the internet , 2007 .

[32]  J. Jacoby,et al.  Components of perceived risk in product purchase: A cross-validation. , 1974 .

[33]  Ik-Whan G. Kwon,et al.  Globalization and reluctant buyers , 2002 .

[34]  Gill Kirkup,et al.  Gender and cultural differences in Internet use: A study of China and the UK , 2007, Comput. Educ..

[35]  Jong-min Choe,et al.  The consideration of cultural differences in the design of information systems , 2004, Inf. Manag..

[36]  Didier Soopramanien,et al.  Adoption and usage of online shopping: an empirical analysis of the characteristics of ‘‘buyers’’ ‘‘browsers’’ and ‘‘non-internet shoppers’’ , 2007 .

[37]  Hanjun Ko,et al.  Cross-Cultural Differences in Perceived Risk of Online Shopping , 2004 .

[38]  Marcel Creemers,et al.  Understanding online purchase intentions: contributions from technology and trust perspectives , 2003, Eur. J. Inf. Syst..

[39]  Paul A. Pavlou,et al.  Predicting E-Services Adoption: A Perceived Risk Facets Perspective , 2002, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[40]  Joseph M. Jones,et al.  Print and Internet catalog shopping: assessing attitudes and intentions , 2000, Internet Res..

[41]  H. Raghav Rao,et al.  A trust-based consumer decision-making model in electronic commerce: The role of trust, perceived risk, and their antecedents , 2008, Decis. Support Syst..

[42]  S. Tan Strategies for reducing consumers’ risk aversion in Internet shopping , 1999 .

[43]  Hung-Pin Shih,et al.  An empirical study on predicting user acceptance of e-shopping on the Web , 2004, Inf. Manag..

[44]  J. H. Davis,et al.  An Integrative Model Of Organizational Trust , 1995 .

[45]  B. Fischhoff,et al.  How safe is safe enough? A psychometric study of attitudes towards technological risks and benefits , 1978 .

[46]  Paul Pavlou,et al.  Consumer Intentions to Adopt Electronic Commerce - Incorporating Trust and Risk in the Technology Acceptance Model , 2001 .

[47]  R. Keeney,et al.  The Value of Internet Commerce to the Customer , 1999 .

[48]  Ellen Garbarino,et al.  GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE PERCEIVED RISK OF BUYING ONLINE AND THE EFFECTS OF RECEIVING A SITE RECOMMENDATION , 2004 .

[49]  Christopher K. Hsee,et al.  Cross-National Differences in Risk Preference and Lay Predictions , 1999 .

[50]  Catherine E. Connelly,et al.  Information systems research and Hofstede's culture's consequences: an uneasy and incomplete partnership , 2003, IEEE Trans. Engineering Management.

[51]  Jiunn-Woei Lian,et al.  Effects of consumer characteristics on their acceptance of online shopping: Comparisons among different product types , 2008, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[52]  J. F. Engel,et al.  Perceived Risk in Mail-Order and Retail Store Buying , 1970 .

[53]  S. Beatty,et al.  The involvement--commitment model: Theory and implications , 1988 .

[54]  J. Bettman Perceived Risk and Its Components: A Model and Empirical Test , 1973 .

[55]  R. L. Horton The structure of perceived risk: Some further progress , 1976 .

[56]  T. Yamagishi,et al.  Trust and commitment in the United States and Japan , 1994 .

[57]  David M. Szymanski,et al.  E-satisfaction: an initial examination , 2000 .

[58]  S. Forsythe,et al.  Consumer patronage and risk perceptions in Internet shopping , 2003 .

[59]  Lola L. Lopes Algebra and Process in the Modeling of Risky Choice , 1995 .

[60]  Michael Tow Cheung,et al.  Internet-based e-shopping and consumer attitudes: an empirical study , 2001, Inf. Manag..

[61]  Alok Gupta,et al.  Risk profile and consumer shopping behavior in electronic and traditional channels , 2004, Decis. Support Syst..

[62]  E. Weber,et al.  Cross‐Cultural Differences in Risk Perception: A Model‐Based Approach , 1997 .

[63]  Banwari Mittal,et al.  A causal model of consumer involvement , 1989 .

[64]  Ting-Peng Liang,et al.  An empirical study on consumer acceptance of products in electronic markets: a transaction cost model , 1998, Decis. Support Syst..

[65]  John G. Lynch,et al.  Interactive Home Shopping: Consumer, Retailer, and Manufacturer Incentives to Participate in Electronic Marketplaces , 1997 .

[66]  J. Scott Armstrong,et al.  Replication Research in Marketing Revisited: A Note on a Disturbing Trend , 2008 .

[67]  Ted Roselius Consumer Rankings of Risk Reduction Methods , 1971 .

[68]  M. Shubik,et al.  A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. , 1964 .

[69]  Izak Benbasat,et al.  Designs for effective implementation of trust assurances in internet stores , 2010, Commun. ACM.

[70]  U. Yavas,et al.  Perceived risk: A cross-cultural phenomenon? , 1990 .

[71]  Charles S. Madden,et al.  Replications and Extensions in Marketing and Management Research , 2000 .

[72]  R. Dholakia,et al.  Factors Driving Consumer Intention to Shop Online: An Empirical Investigation , 2003 .

[73]  M. Mooij Global marketing and advertising : understanding cultural paradoxes , 1998 .

[74]  C. Derbaix Perceived risk and risk relievers: An empirical investigation☆ , 1983 .

[75]  G. Soutar,et al.  The Role of Perceived Risk in the Quality-Value Relationship: A Study in a Retail Environment , 1999 .

[76]  J. Peppard,et al.  Consumer Purchasing on the Internet: Processes and Prospects , 1998 .

[77]  Naveen Donthu,et al.  The Internet Shopper , 1999 .

[78]  Jennifer E. Rowley,et al.  Kiosks 21: a new role for information kiosks? , 2002, Int. J. Inf. Manag..

[79]  V. Mitchell Consumer perceived risk: conceptualisations and models , 1999 .

[80]  Á. H. Crespo,et al.  The influence of perceived risk on Internet shopping behavior: a multidimensional perspective , 2009 .

[81]  Raymond R. Burke Technology and the customer interface: What consumers want in the physical and virtual store , 2002 .

[82]  K. Grønhaug,et al.  Perceived Risk: Further Considerations for the Marketing Discipline , 1993 .

[83]  Christopher K. Hsee,et al.  Cross-Cultural Differences in Risk Perception,But Cross-Cultural Similarities in Attitudes Towards Perceived Risk , 1998 .

[84]  Sharron J. Lennon,et al.  Television Shopping for Apparel in the United States: Effects of Perceived Amount of Information on Perceived Risks and Purchase Intentions , 2000 .

[85]  Jerome B. Kernan,et al.  Perceived Risk in Store Selection , 1972 .