Real-time eye motion correction in phase-resolved OCT angiography with tracking SLO

In phase-resolved OCT angiography blood flow is detected from phase changes in between A-scans that are obtained from the same location. In ophthalmology, this technique is vulnerable to eye motion. We address this problem by combining inter-B-scan phase-resolved OCT angiography with real-time eye tracking. A tracking scanning laser ophthalmoscope (TSLO) at 840 nm provided eye tracking functionality and was combined with a phase-stabilized optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) system at 1040 nm. Real-time eye tracking corrected eye drift and prevented discontinuity artifacts from (micro)saccadic eye motion in OCT angiograms. This improved the OCT spot stability on the retina and consequently reduced the phase-noise, thereby enabling the detection of slower blood flows by extending the inter-B-scan time interval. In addition, eye tracking enabled the easy compounding of multiple data sets from the fovea of a healthy volunteer to create high-quality eye motion artifact-free angiograms. High-quality images are presented of two distinct layers of vasculature in the retina and the dense vasculature of the choroid. Additionally we present, for the first time, a phase-resolved OCT angiogram of the mesh-like network of the choriocapillaris containing typical pore openings.

[1]  Ruikang K. Wang,et al.  Three dimensional optical angiography. , 2007, Optics express.

[2]  J M Olver,et al.  Functional anatomy of the choroidal circulation: Methyl methacrylate casting of human choroid , 1990, Eye.

[3]  Wolfgang Wieser,et al.  Multi-MHz FDML OCT: snapshot retinal imaging at 6.7 million axial-scans per second , 2012, Photonics West - Biomedical Optics.

[4]  R. D. Ferguson,et al.  Wide-field retinal hemodynamic imaging with the tracking scanning laser ophthalmoscope. , 2004, Optics express.

[5]  J. Barton,et al.  Flow measurement without phase information in optical coherence tomography images. , 2005, Optics express.

[6]  Teresa C. Chen,et al.  In vivo dynamic human retinal blood flow imaging using ultra-high-speed spectral domain optical Doppler tomography , 2003 .

[7]  Zhongping Chen,et al.  Phase-resolved optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography for imaging blood flow in human skin with fast scanning speed and high velocity sensitivity. , 2000, Optics letters.

[8]  Brian C. Wilson,et al.  Improved phase-resolved optical Doppler tomography using the Kasai velocity estimator and histogram segmentation , 2002 .

[9]  Changhuei Yang,et al.  Mobility and transverse flow visualization using phase variance contrast with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. , 2007, Optics express.

[10]  Barry Cense,et al.  In vivo dynamic human retinal blood flow imaging using ultra-high-speed spectral domain optical coherence tomography. , 2003, Optics express.

[11]  Siddharth Poonja,et al.  Dynamic visual stimulus presentation in an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope. , 2004, Journal of refractive surgery.

[12]  J. Slakter,et al.  Adverse Reactions due to Indocyanine Green , 1994 .

[13]  J. Izatt,et al.  In vivo bidirectional color Doppler flow imaging of picoliter blood volumes using optical coherence tomography. , 1997, Optics letters.

[14]  Mei Chen,et al.  Correcting Motion Artifacts in Retinal Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography via Image Registration , 2009, MICCAI.

[15]  Changhuei Yang,et al.  Sensitivity advantage of swept source and Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. , 2003, Optics express.

[16]  R. Leitgeb,et al.  Visualization of microvasculature by dual-beam phase-resolved Doppler optical coherence tomography. , 2011, Optics express.

[17]  R S Sobel,et al.  Fluorescein angiography complication survey. , 1986, Ophthalmology.

[18]  Shuichi Makita,et al.  Comprehensive in vivo micro-vascular imaging of the human eye by dual-beam-scan Doppler optical coherence angiography. , 2011, Optics express.

[19]  G. Ripandelli,et al.  Optical coherence tomography. , 1998, Seminars in ophthalmology.

[20]  Zhongping Chen,et al.  Optical Doppler tomographic imaging of fluid flow velocity in highly scattering media. , 1997, Optics letters.

[21]  S. Yun,et al.  Real-time fiber-based multi-functional spectral-domain optical coherence tomography at 1.3 microm. , 2005, Optics express.

[22]  J. Izatt,et al.  Imaging and velocimetry of the human retinal circulation with color Doppler optical coherence tomography. , 2000, Optics letters.

[23]  Johannes F de Boer,et al.  Angiography of the retina and the choroid with phase-resolved OCT using interval-optimized backstitched B-scans. , 2012, Optics express.

[24]  R. Dhillon,et al.  For the safe use of lasers , 1989 .

[25]  A. Fryczkowski,et al.  Scanning electron microscopy of human ocular vascular casts: the submacular choriocapillaris. , 1988, Acta anatomica.

[26]  Adrian Mariampillai,et al.  Speckle variance detection of microvasculature using swept-source optical coherence tomography. , 2008, Optics letters.

[27]  M J Hollenberg,et al.  Fine structure of the choriocappillaris and retinal capillaries. , 1965, Investigative ophthalmology.

[28]  J. Nelson,et al.  Characterization of fluid flow velocity by optical Doppler tomography. , 1995, Optics letters.

[29]  Austin Roorda,et al.  High-speed, image-based eye tracking with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope , 2012, Biomedical optics express.

[30]  Lelia Adelina Paunescu,et al.  Tracking optical coherence tomography. , 2004, Optics letters.

[31]  E S Gragoudas,et al.  Adverse reactions due to indocyanine green. , 1994, Ophthalmology.

[32]  M. Tso,et al.  Angioarchitecture of the human choroid. , 1987, Archives of ophthalmology.

[33]  Austin Roorda,et al.  Real-time eye motion compensation for OCT imaging with tracking SLO , 2012, Biomedical optics express.

[34]  Daniel X Hammer,et al.  Angiography with a multifunctional line scanning ophthalmoscope. , 2012, Journal of biomedical optics.

[35]  Shuichi Makita,et al.  Variable velocity range imaging of the choroid with dual-beam optical coherence angiography. , 2012, Optics express.

[36]  J. D. de Boer,et al.  Phase-stabilized optical frequency domain imaging at 1-µm for the measurement of blood flow in the human choroid. , 2011, Optics express.

[37]  Maciej Wojtkowski,et al.  Scanning protocols dedicated to smart velocity ranging in spectral OCT. , 2009, Optics express.

[38]  Austin Roorda,et al.  Design of an integrated hardware interface for AOSLO image capture and cone-targeted stimulus delivery , 2010, Optics express.

[39]  R. Zawadzki,et al.  Real-time assessment of retinal blood flow with ultrafast acquisition by color Doppler Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. , 2003, Optics express.

[40]  D. Hubel,et al.  The role of fixational eye movements in visual perception , 2004, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[41]  B. Bouma,et al.  Improved signal-to-noise ratio in spectral-domain compared with time-domain optical coherence tomography. , 2003, Optics letters.

[42]  Benjamin J Vakoc,et al.  Three-dimensional microscopy of the tumor microenvironment in vivo using optical frequency domain imaging , 2009, Nature Medicine.

[43]  A. Fercher,et al.  Performance of fourier domain vs. time domain optical coherence tomography. , 2003, Optics express.

[44]  David H Sliney,et al.  Maximum permissible exposures for ocular safety (ANSI 2000), with emphasis on ophthalmic devices. , 2007, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[45]  T. Yatagai,et al.  Optical coherence angiography. , 2006, Optics express.