Modes of ice formation and flow blockage that occur while filling a cold pipe

Abstract Pipe blockages caused by dendritic ice formation can occur during the filling of a cold water pipe. For any particular pipe wall material there is a range of temperatures for which such a blockage is probable. A pipe start-up is most likely to be accomplished successfully at very low temperatures. This counterintuitive behavior is due to the fact that supercooling and the resulting dendritic ice growth blockage of a pipe only occurs near the freezing point.

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