Estimation of lead intake from crystalware under conditions of consumer use

The purpose of this study was to estimate the lead intake from crystalware resulting from short-term contacts with beverages, under conditions that are likely to occur to a consumer. The extraction ability of different kinds of beverages was estimated by comparison with 4% acetic acid under conditions of continuous contact for 3h. It was found that lead release increased in the following order: cola drink > HAc> whisky> white wine. Under conditions of repeated use under different scenarios, lead release showed a steep decrease with increasing number of contacts, for both wine and cola drink. The maximum lead intake resulted from the cola drink, corresponding to an ingestion of 14.5 μg Pb for consumption of 350ml beverage. Assuming a fixed contribution from the diet of 71 μg/day, in the six scenarios taken into consideration, total daily lead intake levels ranged from a minimum of about 76 μg up to a maximum of 86 μg lead. As these values, converted on a weekly basis, would correspond to 35% and 40% PTWI respectively, significant health risks resulting from the ingestion of beverages in contact with crystalware can be excluded. Finally it was found that the use of a dishwasher did not affect significantly the release of lead into wine, while release into cola drink was slightly but significantly increased after the third cycle.