Revisiting the Association Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND Several studies have reported an association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study is to re-evaluate for an association between IBD and PD while controlling for potential socioeconomic and environmental confounders. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study using the Truven Health Marketscan database between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2014. Individuals with IBD and household age-matched controls were identified. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated for the development of incident PD, adjusting for age, sex, residence type, US region, comorbidities, and behavior. RESULTS In all, 154 051 subjects with IBD and an equal number of controls were identified. During a mean (SD) follow-up of 3.8 (2.2) years, 132 incident PD cases were identified. There was no significant association between IBD and PD (adjusted HR, 1.01; 0.72-1.42) when adjusting for the confounders previously mentioned. CONCLUSIONS We found no statistically significant association between these disorders. It is possible that previous associations identified between these disorders were confounded by environmental and socioeconomic factors.

[1]  Jia-Yi Li,et al.  Gut Inflammation in Association With Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease , 2019, Front. Mol. Neurosci..

[2]  S. Bonovas,et al.  Environmental Risk Factors for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: an Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses. , 2019, Gastroenterology.

[3]  M. Regueiro,et al.  The Cost of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Initiative From the Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation , 2019, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[4]  B. Ritz,et al.  The Search for Environmental Causes of Parkinson’s Disease: Moving Forward , 2018, Journal of Parkinson's disease.

[5]  E. Riboli,et al.  Exploring causality of the association between smoking and Parkinson’s disease , 2018, International journal of epidemiology.

[6]  M. Dubinsky,et al.  Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy and Incidence of Parkinson Disease Among Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease , 2018, JAMA neurology.

[7]  J. Ludvigsson,et al.  Association between inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson’s disease: seek and you shall find? , 2018, Gut.

[8]  B. Pakkenberg,et al.  Inflammatory bowel disease increases the risk of Parkinson’s disease: a Danish nationwide cohort study 1977–2014 , 2018, Gut.

[9]  B. Racette,et al.  Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of Parkinson's disease in Medicare beneficiaries. , 2018, Parkinsonism & related disorders.

[10]  Judy H. Cho,et al.  Functional variants in the LRRK2 gene confer shared effects on risk for Crohn’s disease and Parkinson’s disease , 2018, Science Translational Medicine.

[11]  P. Rufo,et al.  The Role of Environmental Factors in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Review , 2017, JAMA pediatrics.

[12]  M. Tansey,et al.  The gut-brain axis: is intestinal inflammation a silent driver of Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis? , 2017, npj Parkinson's Disease.

[13]  Michael J Pencina,et al.  Controlling for Informed Presence Bias Due to the Number of Health Encounters in an Electronic Health Record. , 2016, American journal of epidemiology.

[14]  Jung-Chun Lin,et al.  Association Between Parkinson's Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: a Nationwide Taiwanese Retrospective Cohort Study , 2016, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[15]  A. Singleton,et al.  LRRK2 exonic variants and risk of multiple system atrophy , 2014, Neurology.

[16]  T. Dinan,et al.  Mind-altering Microorganisms: the Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Brain and Behaviour , 2022 .

[17]  Peter J Pronovost,et al.  Surveillance bias in outcomes reporting. , 2011, JAMA.

[18]  R. Scrivo,et al.  Inflammation as "common soil" of the multifactorial diseases. , 2011, Autoimmunity reviews.

[19]  Mark R. Cookson,et al.  The role of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) in Parkinson's disease , 2010, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[20]  Tariq Ahmad,et al.  Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn's disease susceptibility loci , 2010, Nature Genetics.

[21]  E. Tan,et al.  LRRK2 in Parkinson’s disease: genetic and clinical studies from patients , 2009, The FEBS journal.

[22]  J. Sindelar,et al.  Spousal concordance in health behavior change. , 2007, Health services research.

[23]  H. Braak,et al.  Idiopathic Parkinson's disease: possible routes by which vulnerable neuronal types may be subject to neuroinvasion by an unknown pathogen , 2003, Journal of Neural Transmission.

[24]  Miguel A Hernán,et al.  A meta‐analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson's disease , 2002, Annals of neurology.

[25]  J. Ludvigsson,et al.  Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Parkinson's Disease: A Nationwide Swedish Cohort Study. , 2019, Inflammatory bowel diseases.

[26]  D. Iliopoulos,et al.  Environmental triggers in IBD: a review of progress and evidence , 2018, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology.

[27]  K. Walters,et al.  Prediagnostic presentations of Parkinson's disease in primary care: a case-control study , 2015, The Lancet Neurology.

[28]  E. Quigley,et al.  Gastrointestinal symptoms in Parkinson's disease , 1991, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.