Cognitive Neuroscience Studies of the Chinese Language

This volume brings together the related disciplines of neuroscience, cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics to explain some of the complex issues in understanding the processing of the Chinese language.

[1]  B. Horwitz,et al.  Functional connectivity of the angular gyrus in normal reading and dyslexia. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[2]  D. Allport,et al.  What Are the Functional Orthographic Units in Chinese Word Recognition: The Stroke or the Stroke Pattern? , 1996 .

[3]  Henry S. R. Kao,et al.  Linguistics, psychology, and the Chinese language , 1986 .

[4]  Vicky G Bruce,et al.  Violations of Symmetry and Repetition in Visual Patterns , 1975 .

[5]  P. Briggs,et al.  Phonological coding in good and poor readers. , 1982, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[6]  M. Garrett,et al.  Grammatical Gender Is on the Tip of Italian Tongues , 1997 .

[7]  R. Joshi,et al.  Cross-language studies of learning to read and spell. Phonologic and orthographic processing , 1997 .

[8]  Andrew Spencer,et al.  Morphological Theory: An Introduction to Word Structure in Generative Grammar , 1991 .

[9]  T. Braver,et al.  Anterior Cingulate and the Monitoring of Response Conflict: Evidence from an fMRI Study of Overt Verb Generation , 2000, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[10]  N Osaka,et al.  Size of saccade and fixation duration of eye movements during reading: psychophysics of Japanese text processing. , 1992, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[11]  B. Weekes,et al.  Anomia without dyslexia in Chinese , 1997 .

[12]  Li Hai Tan,et al.  Activation of phonological codes before access to character meaning in written Chinese , 1996 .

[13]  C. Leong,et al.  Automatic Processing of Morphemic Orthography By Mature Readers , 1987, Language and speech.

[14]  A. Roelofs,et al.  A spreading-activation theory of lemma retrieval in speaking , 1992, Cognition.

[15]  Jon Driver,et al.  Parallel computation of symmetry but not repetition within single visual shapes , 1994 .

[16]  M. Garrett.  Processes in language production , 1988 .

[17]  Ignatius G. Mattinglyt.  Morphological Structure and Segmental Awareness , 1987 .

[18]  D. Balota,et al.  The locus of word-frequency effects in the pronunciation task: Lexical access and/or production? ☆ , 1985 .

[19]  Rebecca Treiman,et al.  Syllable Structure or Word Structure? Evidence for Onset and Rime Units with Disyllabic and Trisyllabic Stimuli , 1995 .

[20]  Saul Sternberg,et al.  The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donders' method , 1969 .

[21]  Richard C. Anderson,et al.  Chinese Children's Incidental Learning of Word Meanings. , 2001, Contemporary educational psychology.

[22]  P. Starreveld,et al.  Time-course analysis of semantic and orthographic context effects in picture naming. , 1996 .

[23]  M. Posner,et al.  The attention system of the human brain. , 1990, Annual review of neuroscience.

[24]  Craig A. Kaplan,et al.  Foundations of cognitive science , 1989 .

[25]  Rebecca Treiman,et al.  Effects of linguistic structure on children's ability to isolate initial consonants. , 1992 .

[26]  Che Kan Leong,et al.  Paradigmatic Analysis of Chinese Word Reading: Research Findings and Classroom Practices , 1997 .

[27]  K. Rayner,et al.  Visual-feature and response components in a picture-word interference task with beginning and skilled readers. , 1977, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[28]  C. Perfetti,et al.  A rose is a REEZ: The two-cycles model of phonology assembly in reading English , 1995 .

[29]  M. Taft,et al.  Submorphemic Processing in Reading Chinese , 2001 .

[30]  J. M. Anglin.  Vocabulary Development: A Morphological Analysis , 1994 .

[31]  Chung-Ying Cheng,et al.  Language and symbolic systems , 1968 .

[32]  S. Monsell,et al.  Inhibition of Spoken Word Production by Priming a Semantic Competitor , 1994 .

[33]  James L. McClelland,et al.  A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. , 1989, Psychological review.

[34]  Fred R. Eckman.  ON THE NATURALNESS OF INTERLANGUAGE PHONOLOGICAL RULES1 , 1981 .

[35]  J. Lewin,et al.  Brain Activation During Silent Word Generation Evaluated with Functional MRI , 1998, Brain and Language.

[36]  G. Radda,et al.  Oxygenation dependence of the transverse relaxation time of water protons in whole blood at high field. , 1982, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[37]  C. Perfetti,et al.  The tongue-twister effect in reading Chinese. , 1993 .

[38]  J. Stern,et al.  Evaluation of eye movement variables of Chinese and American readers , 1983, The Pavlovian journal of biological science.

[39]  Kin Fai Ellick Wong,et al.  Orthographic and Phonological Processing in Reading Chinese Text: Evidence From Eye Fixations , 1999 .

[40]  Teuvo Kohonen,et al.  Self-Organization and Associative Memory, Third Edition , 1989, Springer Series in Information Sciences.

[41]  M Honda,et al.  Essential role of the right superior parietal cortex in Japanese kana mirror reading: An fMRI study. , 2000, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[42]  E. Kaplan,et al.  The “Tip-of-the-Tongue” Phenomenon in Aphasia , 1976, Cortex.

[43]  G. C. Orden.  A ROWS is a ROSE: Spelling, sound, and reading , 1987 .

[44]  William D. Marslen-Wilson,et al.  Morphological Structure in the Chinese Mental Lexicon , 1995 .

[45]  R. Glushko.  The Organization and Activation of Orthographic Knowledge in Reading Aloud. , 1979 .

[46]  R. Burchfield.  Frequency Analysis of English Usage: Lexicon and Grammar. By W. Nelson Francis and Henry Kučera with the assistance of Andrew W. Mackie. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1982. x + 561 , 1985 .

[47]  J. Hanley,et al.  Phonological awareness and visual skills in learning to read Chinese and English , 1995, Cognition.

[48]  K Rayner,et al.  Graphemic and semantic similarity effects in the picture-word interference task. , 1986, British journal of psychology.

[49]  Virginia Yip,et al.  Syntactic Transfer in a Cantonese-English Bilingual Child. , 2000 .

[50]  I.S.P. Nation,et al.  Vocabulary learning and reading , 1978 .

[51]  Takeo Kanade,et al.  Recovery of the Three-Dimensional Shape of an Object from a Single View , 1981, Artif. Intell..

[52]  D. Shankweiler,et al.  Phonology and the Problems of Learning to Read and Write , 1985 .

[53]  Allan Collins,et al.  A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing , 1975 .

[54]  Rebecca Treiman,et al.  The Internal Structure of the Syllable , 1989 .

[55]  Z. Breznitz,et al.  Phonological and orthographic processing of Hebrew words: electrophysiological aspects. , 1998, The Journal of genetic psychology.

[56]  Ovid J. L. Tzeng,et al.  Language processing in Chinese , 1992 .

[57]  Nicholas Ostler,et al.  Corpus Design Criteria , 1992 .

[58]  H. Kucera,et al.  Computational analysis of present-day American English , 1967 .

[59]  Jian Wang,et al.  How Is Access Representation Organized? The Relation of Polymorphemic Words and Their Morphemes in Chinese , 1999 .

[60]  J. Richards,et al.  Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics , 1986 .

[61]  R. April,et al.  Crossed aphasia in a right-handed bilingual Chinese man: a second case. , 1980, Archives of neurology.

[62]  趙 元任,et al.  A grammar of spoken Chinese = 中國話的文法 , 1968 .

[63]  Wido La Heij,et al.  Semantic interference, orthographic facilitation, and their interaction in naming tasks. , 1995 .

[64]  P Wenderoth,et al.  The Effects on Bilateral-Symmetry Detection of Multiple Symmetry, near Symmetry, and Axis Orientation , 1997, Perception.

[65]  D. Tank,et al.  Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[66]  W. Nelson Francis,et al.  FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH USAGE: LEXICON AND GRAMMAR , 1983 .

[67]  W. Nagy,et al.  Integration of Information From Context and Word Elements in Interpreting Novel Kanji Compounds , 1999 .

[68]  A Pollatsek,et al.  The role of phonological codes in integrating information across saccadic eye movements in Chinese character identification. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[69]  Richard C. Anderson,et al.  How Many Words are There in Printed School English , 1984 .

[70]  D. Balota,et al.  Are lexical decisions a good measure of lexical access? The role of word frequency in the neglected decision stage. , 1984, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[71]  Gerard Kempen,et al.  The lexicalization process in sentence production and naming: indirect election of words , 1983, Cognition.

[72]  Colin M. Macleod.  Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. , 1991, Psychological bulletin.

[73]  W. Glaser,et al.  The time course of picture-word interference. , 1984, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[74]  P. T. Fox,et al.  Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing , 1988, Nature.

[75]  R. Forrest,et al.  The Chinese Language , 1950, The Far Eastern Quarterly.

[76]  M. Kutas.  Event related brain potential studies of language , 1988 .

[77]  Linnea C. Ehri,et al.  How Orthography Alters Spoken Language Competencies in Children Learning to Read and Spell , 1984 .

[78]  Hsuan-Chich Chen,et al.  Symbol-word interference in Chinese and English , 1990 .

[79]  P. Briggs,et al.  The development of word recognition processes. , 1984, British journal of psychology.

[80]  J. Stroop.  Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. , 1992 .

[81]  P H Seymour,et al.  Conceptual Encoding and Locus of the Stroop Effect , 1977, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[82]  Catherine E. Snow,et al.  Preventing reading difficulties in young children , 1998 .

[83]  C. Perfetti,et al.  Reading in English and Chinese: Evidence for a "universal" phonological principle. , 1992 .

[84]  Cláudia Cardoso-Martins.  Rhyme perception: global or analytical? , 1994 .

[85]  Stephen M. Rao,et al.  Human Brain Language Areas Identified by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 1997, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[86]  John M. Henderson,et al.  EVIDENCE FOR THE USE OF PHONOLOGICAL REPRESENTATIONS DURING TRANSSACCADIC WORD RECOGNITION , 1995 .

[87]  M. Chee,et al.  Relative Language Proficiency Modulates BOLD Signal Change when Bilinguals Perform Semantic Judgments , 2001, NeuroImage.

[88]  I. Biederman.  Recognition-by-components: a theory of human image understanding. , 1987, Psychological review.

[89]  C. Price,et al.  The neural architecture underlying the processing of written and spoken word-forms , 1999 .

[90]  Antje S. Meyer,et al.  Exploring the time course of lexical access in language production : Picture word interference studies , 1990 .

[91]  Ching Y. Suen.  Computational Studies of the Most Frequent Chinese Words and Sounds , 1986, World Scientific Series in Computer Science.

[92]  C. Perfetti,et al.  Sources of Vocalization Latency Differences between Skilled and Less Skilled Young Readers. , 1978 .

[93]  C. Perfetti,et al.  Phonological processes in reading Chinese characters. , 1991 .

[94]  Jens Frahm,et al.  Equivalent Responses to Lexical and Nonlexical Visual Stimuli in Occipital Cortex: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study , 1997, NeuroImage.

[95]  Albrecht W. Inhoff,et al.  Use of Phonological Codes during Eye Fixations in Reading and in On-Line and Delayed Naming Tasks , 1994 .

[96]  Nick Chater,et al.  Distributional Information: A Powerful Cue for Acquiring Syntactic Categories , 1998, Cogn. Sci..

[97]  Richard S. J. Frackowiak,et al.  The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory , 1993, Nature.

[98]  M. Bowerman,et al.  The acquisition of lexical and grammatical aspect in Chinese , 1998 .

[99]  D. Slobin.  The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition , 1987 .

[100]  M. Raichle,et al.  The anterior cingulate cortex mediates processing selection in the Stroop attentional conflict paradigm. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[101]  Stephen J. Lupker,et al.  Input, Decision, and Response Factors in Picture-Word Interference , 1981 .

[102]  J. Hirsch,et al.  Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages , 1997, Nature.

[103]  F. Attneave,et al.  The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory , 1949 .

[104]  Emanuel Donchin,et al.  When words collide: Orthographic and phonological interference during word processing , 1983, Biological Psychology.

[105]  M. Chee,et al.  Mandarin and English Single Word Processing Studied with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[106]  Michael D. Rugg,et al.  Event-related potentials and the phonological processing of words and non-words , 1984, Neuropsychologia.

[107]  E. Newport,et al.  PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Article INCIDENTAL LANGUAGE LEARNING: Ustening (and Learning) out of the Comer of Your Ear , 2022 .

[108]  K. Forster,et al.  Lexical Access and Naming Time. , 1973 .

[109]  A M Dale,et al.  Randomized event‐related experimental designs allow for extremely rapid presentation rates using functional MRI , 1998, Neuroreport.

[110]  M. Kutas,et al.  Reading senseless sentences: brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. , 1980, Science.

[111]  Robert S. Bauer,et al.  Written Cantonese of Hong Kong , 1988 .

[112]  M. Posner.  Foundations of cognitive science , 1989 .

[113]  Peter A. Starreveld,et al.  On the Interpretation of Onsets of Auditory Context Effects in Word Production , 2000 .

[114]  In-mao Liu,et al.  Encoding operation and transcoding as the major loci of the frequency effect , 1996, Cognition.

[115]  Che Kan Leong,et al.  Orthographic and Psycholinguistic Considerations in Developing Literacy in Chinese , 1995 .

[116]  C. Perfetti,et al.  Automatic phonetic transfer in bidialectal reading , 1991, Applied Psycholinguistics.

[117]  D. Holender,et al.  Analytic approaches to human cognition , 1992 .

[118]  K Rayner,et al.  Stages of processing in word identification. , 1978, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[119]  L. Katz,et al.  Predicting reading performance from neuroimaging profiles: The cerebral basis of phonological effects in printed word identification. , 1997 .

[120]  C. Sherrington.  Man On His Nature , 1940 .

[121]  Alan C. Evans,et al.  Lateralization of phonetic and pitch discrimination in speech processing. , 1992, Science.

[122]  Jeffrey L. Elman,et al.  Finding Structure in Time , 1990, Cogn. Sci..

[123]  Giovanni B. Flores d'Arcais,et al.  Orthographic and phonological activation in recognizing Chinese characters , 1995 .

[124]  E. Clark,et al.  Reference states and reversals: undoing actions with verbs , 1995, Journal of Child Language.

[125]  G. Dell,et al.  Lexical access in aphasic and nonaphasic speakers. , 1997, Psychological review.

[126]  Ying Zhu,et al.  The long-term modality effect: In search of differences in processing logographs and alphabetic words , 1992, Cognition.

[127]  Mark S. Seidenberg,et al.  Phonology, reading acquisition, and dyslexia: insights from connectionist models. , 1999 .

[128]  J. Mehler,et al.  Mora or syllable? Speech segmentation in Japanese , 1993 .

[129]  M Rugg,et al.  Functional neuroimaging in cognitive neurosicence , 1999 .

[130]  John J. L. Morton,et al.  Interaction of information in word recognition. , 1969 .

[131]  Him Cheung,et al.  Improving phonological awareness and word reading in a later learned alphabetic script , 1999, Cognition.

[132]  Paul W. B. Atkins,et al.  Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. , 1993 .

[133]  M. Maratsos,et al.  The internal language of children's syntax : The ontogenesis and representation of syntactic categories , 1980 .

[134]  Man-Ying Wang,et al.  From Unit to Gestalt: Perceptual Dynamics in Recognizing Chinese Characters , 1992 .

[135]  W. Levelt,et al.  Speaking: From Intention to Articulation , 1990 .

[136]  Wido La Heij,et al.  Components of Stroop-like interference in picture naming , 1988 .

[137]  Colin M. Brown,et al.  The neurocognition of language , 2000 .

[138]  Wido La Heij,et al.  THE LOCUS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC-PHONOLOGICAL FACILITATION : REPLY TO ROELOFS, MEYER, AND LEVELT (1996) , 1996 .

[139]  Chao-Ming Cheng,et al.  Lexical Access in Chinese: Evidence from Automatic Activation of Phonological Information , 1992 .

[140]  M. Posner,et al.  Positron Emission Tomographic Studies of the Processing of Singe Words , 1989, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[141]  Ute Fischer.  Learning words from context and dictionaries: An experimental comparison , 1994, Applied Psycholinguistics.

[142]  R. Brown.  A First Language , 1973 .

[143]  M. Bowerman.  The 'no negative evidence' problem: How do children avoid constructing an overly general grammar? , 1988 .

[144]  Keith E. Stanovich,et al.  Automatic Contextual Facilitation in Readers of Three Ages. , 1978 .

[145]  M. Botvinick,et al.  Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. , 1998, Science.

[146]  K. Zilles,et al.  Brain atlases - a new research tool , 1994, Trends in Neurosciences.

[147]  Chao-Ming Cheng,et al.  Perception of Chinese characters. , 1981 .

[148]  M. Mason.  Reading Ability and Letter Search Time: Effects of Orthographic Structure Defined by Single-Letter Positional Frequency. , 1975 .

[149]  E. Bates,et al.  Bioprograms and the innateness hypothesis , 1984, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[150]  J T Todd,et al.  On the Relative Salience of Euclidean, Affine, and Topological Structure for 3-D Form Discrimination , 1998, Perception.

[151]  Che Kan Leong,et al.  Cognitive componential modelling of reading in ten- to twelve-year-old readers , 1992 .

[152]  Peter Hagoort,et al.  The neurocognition of syntactic processing , 1999 .

[153]  John Sinclair,et al.  Corpus, Concordance, Collocation , 1991 .

[154]  Chao-Ming Cheng,et al.  Lateralization in the visual perception of Chinese characters and words , 1989, Brain and Language.

[155]  L Chen,et al.  Topological Structure in the Perception of Apparent Motion , 1985, Perception.

[156]  S. Yeh,et al.  The perceptual dimensions underlying the classification of the shapes of Chinese characters. , 1997 .

[157]  B. Laufer,et al.  Lexical Guessing in Context in EFL Reading Comprehension. , 1984 .

[158]  L. Bloom,et al.  Semantics of verbs and the development of verb inflection in child language , 1980 .

[159]  P. Bryant,et al.  Phonological skills are important in learning to read Chinese. , 1997, Developmental psychology.

[160]  S. Pinker.  How could a child use verb syntax to learn verb semantics , 1994 .

[161]  Richard C. Anderson,et al.  Role of Radical Awareness in the Character and Word Acquisition of Chinese Children. Technical Report No. 615. , 1995 .

[162]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Cognitive Conjunction: A New Approach to Brain Activation Experiments , 1997, NeuroImage.

[163]  Robin K. Morris,et al.  Phonological codes are used in integrating information across saccades in word identification and reading. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[164]  J. Goldsmith.  Autosegmental and Metrical Phonology , 1990 .

[165]  P. Matthews,et al.  Functional magnetic resonance imaging: Clinical applications and potential , 1999, Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease.

[166]  Marta Kutas,et al.  Current approaches to mapping language in electromagnetic space. , 1999 .

[167]  Richard R. Rosinski,et al.  Picture-word interference is semantically based. , 1977 .

[168]  C. Eriksen,et al.  Implicit speech: Mechanism in perceptual encoding? , 1970 .

[169]  David Caplan,et al.  Neurolinguistics and linguistic aphasiology: Contents , 1987 .

[170]  C. Perfetti,et al.  VERY EARLY PHONOLOGICAL ACTIVATION IN CHINESE READING , 1995 .

[171]  Glyn W. Humphreys,et al.  Cascade processes in picture identification , 1988 .

[172]  Zhang Wutian.  A STUDY ON THE UNIT OF PROCESSING IN RECOGNITION OF CHINESE CHARACTERS , 1992 .

[173]  Sheng-Ping Fang.  Morphological properties and the Chinese character-word difference in laterality patterns , 1997 .

[174]  M. Besson,et al.  Semantic, repetition and rime priming between spoken words: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence , 1998, Biological Psychology.

[175]  Che Kan Leong,et al.  From Phonemic Awareness to Phonological Processing to Language Access in Children Developing Reading Proficiency , 1991 .

[176]  Steven L. Small,et al.  Distributed representations of semantic knowledge in the brain. , 1995, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[177]  Lily Chan.  Children learn to read and write Chinese analytically , 1996 .

[178]  Y. R. Chao,et al.  Aspects of Chinese sociolinguistics , 1976 .

[179]  James L. McClelland,et al.  Understanding normal and impaired word reading: computational principles in quasi-regular domains. , 1996, Psychological review.

[180]  Charles A. Perfetti,et al.  The Universal Word Identification Reflex , 1995 .

[181]  Linnea C. Ehri,et al.  Development of the ability to read words: Update. , 1994 .

[182]  G. Humphreys,et al.  Phonologically mediated access to meaning for Kanji: Is a rows still a rose in Japanese Kanji? , 1993 .

[183]  P T Fox,et al.  Brain activation in the processing of Chinese characters and words: A functional MRI study , 2000, Human brain mapping.

[184]  Richard C. Anderson,et al.  Incidental learning of word meanings while reading: a Chinese and American cross-cultural study , 1994 .

[185]  William E. Nagy,et al.  The Vocabulary Conundrum. , 1992 .

[186]  I.S.P. Nation,et al.  Guessing the meanings of words from context: Strategy and techniques , 1980 .

[187]  Margaret G. McKeown,et al.  Social Studies Texts Are Hard to Understand: Mediating Some of the Difficulties (Research Directions). , 1991 .

[188]  H. Wimmer,et al.  Intrusion of orthographic knowledge on phoneme awareness: Strong in normal readers, weak in dyslexic readers , 1996, Applied Psycholinguistics.

[189]  J. A. Frost,et al.  Conceptual Processing during the Conscious Resting State: A Functional MRI Study , 1999, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[190]  P. Bertelson,et al.  Literacy training and speech segmentation , 1986, Cognition.

[191]  A. Inhoff,et al.  Semantic Radicals in Phonetic Compounds: Implications for Visual Character Recognition in Chinese , 1999 .

[192]  M J Chen,et al.  Visual and phonological pathways to the lexicon: Evidence from Chinese readers , 1995, Memory & cognition.

[193]  L. Tan,et al.  Visual Chinese Character Recognition: Does Phonological Information Mediate Access to Meaning? , 1997 .

[194]  L. Tan,et al.  Phonological Activation in Visual Identification of Chinese Two-Character Words , 1999 .

[195]  Rebecca Treiman,et al.  Levels of Phonological Awareness. , 1987 .

[196]  J. Desmond,et al.  Functional Specialization for Semantic and Phonological Processing in the Left Inferior Prefrontal Cortex , 1999, NeuroImage.

[197]  S. Palmer.  What makes triangles point: Local and global effects in configurations of ambiguous triangles , 1980, Cognitive Psychology.

[198]  R. Treiman,et al.  Toward an understanding of English syllabification , 1990 .

[199]  Jian Wang,et al.  Reading Chinese Script : A Cognitive Analysis , 1999 .

[200]  U. Goswami,et al.  Phonological representations, reading development and dyslexia: towards a cross-linguistic theoretical framework. , 2000, Dyslexia.

[201]  N. E. Jackson,et al.  Reading Chinese and Reading English: Similarities, Differences, and Second-Language Reading , 1994 .

[202]  L. Katz,et al.  Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language , 1995, Nature.

[203]  Teuvo Kohonen,et al.  Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps , 2004, Biological Cybernetics.

[204]  J. Baron,et al.  Use of orthographic and word-specific knowledge in reading words aloud. , 1976 .

[205]  A Villringer,et al.  Coupling of brain activity and cerebral blood flow: basis of functional neuroimaging. , 1995, Cerebrovascular and brain metabolism reviews.

[206]  M I Posner,et al.  Cognitive neuroscience: origins and promise. , 2000, Psychological bulletin.

[207]  L Chen,et al.  Topological structure in visual perception. , 1982, Science.

[208]  Beijing.  BASIC PROCESSING UNIT OF CHINESE CHARACTER RECOGNITION:EVIDENCE FROM STROKE NUMBER EFFECT AND RADICAL NUMBER EFFECT , 1997 .

[209]  M. Just,et al.  The psychology of reading and language comprehension , 1986 .

[210]  R. Frost.  Toward a strong phonological theory of visual word recognition: true issues and false trails. , 1998 .

[211]  G S Dell,et al.  A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. , 1986, Psychological review.

[212]  R. April,et al.  Crossed aphasia in a Chinese bilingual dextral. , 1977, Archives of neurology.

[213]  Michael C. W. Yip,et al.  Lexical Ambiguity and Context Effects in Spoken Word Recognition: Evidence from Chinese , 2001 .

[214]  O. Reiser,et al.  Principles Of Gestalt Psychology , 1936 .

[215]  Ardi Roelofs,et al.  Testing a non-decompositional theory of lemma retrieval in speaking: Retrieval of verbs , 1993, Cognition.

[216]  R. Miikkulainen.  Dyslexic and Category-Specific Aphasic Impairments in a Self-Organizing Feature Map Model of the Lexicon , 1997, Brain and Language.

[217]  P. Bertelson,et al.  Does awareness of speech as a sequence of phones arise spontaneously? , 1979, Cognition.

[218]  Charles A. Perfetti,et al.  The time course of graphic, phonological, and semantic activation in Chinese character identification , 1998 .

[219]  Derek Besner,et al.  Ideographic and alphabetic processing in skilled reading of English , 1979, Neuropsychologia.

[220]  R. Buckner,et al.  Dissociation of human prefrontal cortical areas across different speech production tasks and gender groups. , 1995, Journal of neurophysiology.

[221]  R. Hoosain,et al.  Right hemisphere advantage in lexical decision with two-character Chinese words , 1989, Brain and Language.

[222]  R. Golinkoff,et al.  Automatic semantic processing in a picture-word interference task. , 1975 .

[223]  Peng Rui-xiang.  SOME CHARACTERISTICS IN TACHISTOSCOPIC RECOGNITION OF CHINESE CHARACTERS , 1984 .

[224]  C. F. van Parreren,et al.  Contextual guessing: A trainable reader strategy , 1981 .

[225]  Peter A. Boodberg,et al.  Some Proleptical Remarks on The Evolution of Archaic Chinese , 1937 .

[226]  Jonathan Baron,et al.  Phonemic Stage Not Necessary for Reading , 1973 .

[227]  C. Leong,et al.  Cognitive processing of the Chinese and the Japanese languages , 1998 .

[228]  Keith E. Stanovich,et al.  The impact of print exposure on word recognition. , 1998 .

[229]  S. Petersen,et al.  Neuroimaging studies of word reading. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[230]  L. Feldman,et al.  The role of component function in visual recognition of Chinese characters. , 1997, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[231]  Ignatius G. Mattingly,et al.  Chapter 1 Linguistic Awareness and Orthographic Form , 1992 .

[232]  H. Sinclair,et al.  Time, tense and aspect , 1973 .

[233]  John Defrancis.  Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems , 1991 .

[234]  A. Inhoff,et al.  The perceptual span and oculomotor activity during the reading of Chinese sentences. , 1998, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[235]  S. Lupker.  The role of phonetic and orthographic similarity in picture-word interference. , 1982, Canadian journal of psychology.

[236]  R. Treiman,et al.  Syllabification of intervocalic consonants , 1988 .

[237]  Li Hai Tan,et al.  Role of early presemantic phonological code in Chinese character identification. , 1995 .

[238]  W. Heij,et al.  Categorical interference and associative priming in picture naming. , 1990 .

[239]  Ovid J. L. Tzeng,et al.  Speech Recoding in Reading Chinese Characters. , 1977 .

[240]  Charles A. Perfetti,et al.  The Constituency Model of Chinese Word Identification , 1999 .

[241]  M. Miozzo,et al.  The two-stage model of lexical retrieval: evidence from a case of anomia with selective preservation of grammatical gender , 1995, Cognition.

[242]  F. Chua.  Phonological recoding in Chinese logograph recognition. , 1999 .

[243]  Anne Cutler,et al.  A theory of lexical access in speech production , 1999, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[244]  Rumjahn Hoosain,et al.  Psychological Reality of the Word in Chinese , 1992 .

[245]  S. Petersen,et al.  Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning. , 1994, Cerebral cortex.

[246]  Daisy L. Hung,et al.  Orthographic variations and visual information processing. , 1981 .

[247]  M. Posner,et al.  Images of mind , 1994 .

[248]  J. Piaget.  How children form mathematical concepts. , 1953 .

[249]  Ping Li,et al.  Competition : A Connectionist Model of the Learning of English Reversive Prefixes , 2010 .

[250]  K. Rayner,et al.  The psychology of reading , 1989 .

[251]  Sachiko Koyama,et al.  Reading of Japanese Kanji (morphograms) and Kana (syllabograms): a magnetoencephalographic study , 1998, Neuropsychologia.

[252]  Daisy L. Hung,et al.  Chapter 6 Automatic Activation of Linguistic Information in Chinese Character Recognition , 1992 .

[253]  Rumjahn Hoosain,et al.  Psycholinguistic Implications for Linguistic Relativity: A Case Study of Chinese , 1991 .

[254]  F. Sun,et al.  Comparative patterns of reading eye movement in Chinese and English , 1985, Perception & psychophysics.

[255]  J. Desmond,et al.  The role of left prefrontal cortex in language and memory. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[256]  Bruce F. Pennington,et al.  Word identification in reading and the promise of subsymbolic psycholinguistics. , 1990, Psychological review.

[257]  C. Perfetti.  The Representation Problem in Reading Acquisition , 1992 .

[258]  P. Locher,et al.  The perceptual value of symmetry , 1989 .

[259]  M. Erbaugh,et al.  Acquisition of Temporal and Aspectual Distinctions in Mandarin. , 1978 .

[260]  E. Williams,et al.  On the definition of word , 1987 .

[261]  Irving Biederman,et al.  On processing Chinese ideographs and English words: Some implications from Stroop-test results , 1979, Cognitive Psychology.

[262]  C. Read,et al.  The ability to manipulate speech sounds depends on knowing alphabetic writing , 1986, Cognition.

[263]  H. Simon,et al.  EPAM-like Models of Recognition and Learning , 1984, Cogn. Sci..

[264]  G. S. Klein,et al.  SEMANTIC POWER MEASURED THROUGH THE INTERFERENCE OF WORDS WITH COLOR-NAMING. , 1964, The American journal of psychology.

[265]  L. Harner.  Children Talk about the Time and Aspect of Actions. , 1981 .

[266]  Brendan S. Weekes,et al.  Differential effects of phonological priming on Chinese character recognition , 1998 .

[267]  D. Besner,et al.  Ideogram reading and right hemisphere language , 1982 .

[268]  S Makeig,et al.  Analysis of fMRI data by blind separation into independent spatial components , 1998, Human brain mapping.

[269]  Richard S. J. Frackowiak,et al.  Functional anatomy of a common semantic system for words and pictures , 1996, Nature.

[270]  L. Katz,et al.  Cerebral organization of component processes in reading. , 1996, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[271]  Ram Frost,et al.  Orthography, phonology, morphology, and meaning , 1992 .

[272]  Eyal M. Reingold,et al.  Time course of phonological activation during reading: Evidence from eye fixations. , 1995 .

[273]  G. Hatano,et al.  The effect of Kana literacy acquisition on the speech segmentation unit used by Japanese young children. , 2000, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[274]  Ranka Bijeljac-Babic.  Psychological Studies of the Chinese Language Edité par Henry S.R. Kao & Rumjahn Hoosain, Chinese Language Society of Hong Kong, 1984. , 1986 .

[275]  J. Guthrie,et al.  Psycholinguistic Processing in Reading and Listening among Good and Poor Readers , 1976 .

[276]  Alison Holm,et al.  The effect of first written language on the acquisition of English literacy , 1996, Cognition.

[277]  M. Posner,et al.  Localization of cognitive operations in the human brain. , 1988, Science.

[278]  D. Caplan,et al.  Processing of Visually Presented Sentences in Mandarin and English Studied with fMRI , 1999, Neuron.

[279]  P T Fox,et al.  An fMRI study with written Chinese , 2001, Neuroreport.

[280]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Distribution of cortical neural networks involved in word comprehension and word retrieval. , 1991, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[281]  L. Tan,et al.  Phonological codes as early sources of constraint in Chinese word identification: A review of current discoveries and theoretical accounts , 1998 .

[282]  D Bavelier,et al.  Cerebral organization for language in deaf and hearing subjects: biological constraints and effects of experience. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[283]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Willed action and the prefrontal cortex in man: a study with PET , 1991, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[284]  Kenneth Ward Church,et al.  Word Association Norms, Mutual Information, and Lexicography , 1989, ACL.

[285]  John Honeyfield.  Word Frequency and the Importance of Context in Vocabulary Learning , 1977 .

[286]  Charles A. Perfetti,et al.  Automatic (prelexical) phonetic activation in silent word reading: Evidence from backward masking*1 , 1988 .

[287]  A. Cutler,et al.  Malapropisms and the structure of the mental lexicon , 1977 .

[288]  Ping Li,et al.  A self-organizing neural network model of the acquisition of word meaning , 2001 .

[289]  Randi C. Martin,et al.  Semantic and phonological codes interact in single word production. , 1999, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[290]  Evelyn Marcussen Hatch,et al.  Vocabulary, semantics, and language education , 1995 .

[291]  Edmund B. Hayes.  Encoding Strategies Used by Native and Non-Native Readers of Chinese Mandarin. , 1988 .

[292]  Glenn M. Kleiman,et al.  Speech recoding in reading , 1975 .

[293]  Stephen C. P. Wong,et al.  Differential cerebral involvement in perceiving Chinese characters: Levels of processing approach , 1985, Brain and Language.

[294]  S. Petersen,et al.  Activation of extrastriate and frontal cortical areas by visual words and word-like stimuli. , 1990, Science.

[295]  E. Reingold,et al.  What eye fixations tell us about phonological recoding during reading. , 1993, Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale.

[296]  F. Antinucci,et al.  How children talk about what happened , 1976, Journal of Child Language.

[297]  C. Hue.  Recognition Processes in Character Naming , 1992 .

[298]  S Millar,et al.  Symmetry in haptic and in visual shape perception , 1998, Perception & psychophysics.

[299]  M. Sugishita,et al.  A critical appraisal of neuropsychological correlates of Japanese ideogram (kanji) and phonogram (kana) reading. , 1992, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[300]  Jemett L. Desmond,et al.  Semantic encoding and retrieval in the left inferior prefrontal cortex: a functional MRI study of task difficulty and process specificity , 1995, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[301]  R. Buckner,et al.  Human Brain Mapping 6:373–377(1998) � Event-Related fMRI and the Hemodynamic Response , 2022 .

[302]  E. Bullmore,et al.  Activation of auditory cortex during silent lipreading. , 1997, Science.

[303]  A Pollatsek,et al.  The activation of phonology during silent Chinese word reading. , 1999, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[304]  Alan Allport,et al.  Attention and lexical decomposition in chinese word recognition: Conjunctions of form and position guide selective attention , 1995 .

[305]  Roger S. Brown,et al.  The "Tip of the Tongue" Phenomenon , 1966 .

[306]  Li Ping.  Aspect and aktionsart in child mandarin , 1990 .