Functional appliances: a review.

The purpose of this review was to evaluate the scientific studies that describe the effects of functional appliances on the dentofacial structures in the treatment of Class II malocclusions. The review is limited to two appliances: the activator and the functional regulator.

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[2]  K. Vargervik,et al.  Response to activator treatment in Class II malocclusions. , 1985, American journal of orthodontics.

[3]  L. Wieslander,et al.  The effect of activator treatment on class II malocclusions. , 1979, American journal of orthodontics.

[4]  A. Gianelly,et al.  Mandibular growth, condyle position and Fränkel appliance therapy. , 1983, The Angle orthodontist.

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[7]  C. Meach.  A cephalometric comparison of bony profile changes in Class II, division 1 patients treated with extraoral force and functional jaw orthopedics. , 1966, American journal of orthodontics.

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[9]  R. Fränkel.  Concerning recent articles on Fränkel appliance therapy. , 1984, American journal of orthodontics.

[10]  I. Nielsen.  Facial growth during treatment with the function regulator appliance. , 1984, American journal of orthodontics.

[11]  A. Gianelly,et al.  A comparison of Class II treatment changes noted with the light wire, edgewise, and Fränkel appliances. , 1984, American journal of orthodontics.

[12]  F. Bookstein,et al.  Skeletal and dental changes following functional regulator therapy on class II patients. , 1985, American journal of orthodontics.

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[16]  Thomas M. Graber,et al.  Current orthodontic concepts and techniques , 1975 .

[17]  G P Schmuth,et al.  Milestones in the development and practical application of functional appliances. , 1983, American journal of orthodontics.

[18]  Arne Bjöek.  The principle of the Andresen method of orthodontic treatment, a discussion based on cephalometric x-ray analysis of treated cases , 1951 .

[19]  B. Melsen,et al.  Condylar development and mandibular rotation and displacement during activator treatment. An implant study. , 1982, American journal of orthodontics.

[20]  A. Gianelly,et al.  Orthopedics versus orthodontics in class II treatment: an implant study. , 1977, American journal of orthodontics.

[21]  J. Marschner,et al.  Mandibular growth and class II treatment. , 1966, The Angle orthodontist.

[22]  W. S. Hunter,et al.  Cephalometric changes associated with treatment using the activator, the Fränkel appliance, and the fixed appliance. , 1985, American journal of orthodontics.

[23]  C. Forsberg,et al.  Skeletal and soft tissue response to activator treatment. , 1981, European journal of orthodontics.

[24]  N. Robertson.  An examination of treatment changes in children treated with the function regulator of Fränkel. , 1983, American journal of orthodontics.

[25]  L. Graber,et al.  Orthodontics, state of the art, essence of the science , 1986 .

[26]  J. McNamara,et al.  Arch width development in Class II patients treated with the Fränkel appliance. , 1982, American journal of orthodontics.

[27]  R. Nanda,et al.  Biomechanical and clinical considerations of a modified protraction headgear. , 1980, American journal of orthodontics.

[28]  J. D. Muir,et al.  Dentofacial orthopedics with functional appliances , 1985 .

[29]  S. Ramfjord,et al.  Anterior displacement of the mandible in adult rhesus monkeys. , 1966, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry.

[30]  Martin G. Martz,et al.  Removable Orthodontic Appliances , 1984 .

[31]  B. Melsen,et al.  A laminagraphic study of the alterations in the temporo-mandibular joint following activator treatment. , 1984, European journal of orthodontics.

[32]  T. Creekmore,et al.  Fränkel appliance therapy: orthopedic or orthodontic? , 1983, American journal of orthodontics.

[33]  E. G. Righellis.  Treatment effects of Fränkel, activator and extraoral traction appliances. , 1983, The Angle orthodontist.

[34]  K. Vargervik,et al.  Morphogenetic response to activator treatment. , 1971, American journal of orthodontics.

[35]  J. McNamara.  Dentofacial adaptations in adult patients following functional regulator therapy. , 1984, American journal of orthodontics.

[36]  Rodger H. Tuenge,et al.  Cephalometric and histologic changes produced by extraoral high-pull traction to the maxilla in Macaca mulatta , 1974 .

[37]  H Pancherz,et al.  A cephalometric analysis of skeletal and dental changes contributing to Class II correction in activator treatment. , 1984, American journal of orthodontics.

[38]  A. M. Cohen.  Skeletal Changes during the Treatment of Class II/I Malocclusions * , 1983, British journal of orthodontics.

[39]  H. Luder.  Skeletal profile changes related to two patterns of activator effects. , 1982, American journal of orthodontics.

[40]  F. J. Calvert.  An Assessment of Andresen Therapy on Class II Division 1 Malocclusion , 1982, British journal of orthodontics.

[41]  J. Pfeiffer,et al.  Simultaneous use of cervical appliance and activator: an orthopedic approach to fixed appliance therapy. , 1972, American journal of orthodontics.