The influence of controlled ice nucleation on regulating the thermal history during freezing

Abstract The controlled nucleation of ice during the freezing of a representative cryobiological solution was investigated by complementary experimental and analytical methods. Variations in the seeding temperature and duration of the following thermal equilibration period prior to initiation of cooling were evaluated. It is shown quantitatively that these two parameters in combination exert a significant influence on the thermodynamic state of a solution at the start of the subsequent cooling process and may play an important role in determining the net osmotic response of cells to a given freezing protocol.

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