5G Terrestrial Networks: Mobility and Coverage—Solution in Three Dimensions

The next generation of wireless communications, which is proposed to operate in the mmWave region of the electromagnetic spectrum, offers the potential of high-data rate and increased coverage in response to a rapid growth of mobile data traffic. Operation in an mmWave channel is subject to physical and current technical limitations compared with conventional terrestrial microwave channel propagation. In this paper, the effects of antenna misalignment are considered in an mmWave channel through polarization mismatch. Tri-orthogonal polarization diversity is suggested as a means for mitigating misalignment effects and offering increased link performance over a majority of antenna orientations. A known physically realized planar antenna design offering such diversity is highlighted.

[1]  Chi Ho Cheng,et al.  Reduction of Mutual Coupling Between Closely-Packed Antenna Elements , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[2]  A.M.D. Turkmani,et al.  An experimental evaluation of the performance of two-branch space and polarization diversity schemes at 1800 MHz , 1995 .

[3]  A. Diallo,et al.  Study and Reduction of the Mutual Coupling Between Two Mobile Phone PIFAs Operating in the DCS1800 and UMTS Bands , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[4]  Donald C. Cox,et al.  Cross-polarization coupling measured for 800 MHz radio transmission in and around houses and large buildings , 1986 .

[5]  Donald C. Cox,et al.  Effect of antenna polarization on the capacity of a multiple element system in an indoor environment , 2002, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[6]  Derek Abbott,et al.  Analysis of millimetre-wave polarization diverse multiple-input multiple-output capacity , 2015, Royal Society Open Science.

[7]  Barry G. Evans,et al.  Integration of satellite and terrestrial systems in future multimedia communications , 2005, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[8]  Rodney G. Vaughan,et al.  Slot MIMO Cube , 2010, 2010 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.

[9]  M. J. Gans,et al.  On Limits of Wireless Communications in a Fading Environment when Using Multiple Antennas , 1998, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[10]  Hossein Hashemi,et al.  mm-Wave Silicon Power Amplifiers and Transmitters , 2016 .

[11]  Hao Zhang,et al.  Capacity of 60 GHz Wireless Communication Systems over Fading Channels , 2012, J. Networks.

[12]  Emre Telatar,et al.  Capacity of Multi-antenna Gaussian Channels , 1999, Eur. Trans. Telecommun..

[13]  Subir Biswas,et al.  Vehicle-to-vehicle wireless communication protocols for enhancing highway traffic safety , 2006, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[14]  David A. Sánchez-Hernández,et al.  Increasing Handset Performance Using True Polarization Diversity , 2009, VTC Spring 2009 - IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference.

[15]  Chen-Nee Chuah,et al.  Capacity scaling in MIMO Wireless systems under correlated fading , 2002, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[16]  Erich Meier,et al.  Estimation of ionospheric TEC and Faraday rotation for L-band SAR , 2005, SPIE Remote Sensing.

[17]  David J. Edwards,et al.  Investigation of tri-polarised MIMO technique , 2005 .

[18]  F. D. Flaviis,et al.  A mutual coupling study of linear and circular polarized microstrip antennas for diversity wireless systems , 2003 .

[19]  M. Koch,et al.  Flexible all-plastic mirrors for the THz range , 2002 .

[20]  Theodore S. Rappaport,et al.  Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work! , 2013, IEEE Access.

[21]  Fredrik Tufvesson,et al.  Polarized MIMO channels in 3-D: models, measurements and mutual information , 2006, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[22]  Yue Gao,et al.  Mutual Coupling Effects on Pattern Diversity Antennas for MIMO Femtocells , 2010 .

[23]  P. Vainikainen,et al.  Analysis and Modeling on co- and Cross-Polarized Urban Radio Propagation for Dual-Polarized MIMO Wireless Systems , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[24]  Antonio Iera,et al.  The Internet of Things: A survey , 2010, Comput. Networks.

[25]  Zhouyue Pi,et al.  An introduction to millimeter-wave mobile broadband systems , 2011, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[26]  Rosli Salleh,et al.  The Future of Mobile Wireless Communication Networks , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Communication Software and Networks.

[27]  David J. Edwards,et al.  Performance of a three-branch orthogonal polarization diversity scheme , 2001, IEEE 54th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Fall 2001. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37211).

[28]  Antonia Maria Tulino,et al.  Impact of antenna correlation on the capacity of multiantenna channels , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[29]  J. Valenzuela-Valdés,et al.  Evaluation of True Polarization Diversity for MIMO Systems , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[30]  Moon-Soon Choi,et al.  Statistical Characteristics of 60 GHz Wideband Indoor Propagation Channel , 2005, 2005 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[31]  Derek Abbott,et al.  Beam deflection lens at terahertz frequencies using a hole lattice metamaterial , 2013, 2013 38th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz).

[32]  Martin Zamkotsian,et al.  Dual polarization MIMO in LMS broadcasting systems: Possible benefits and challenges , 2011, Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw..

[33]  Pantelis-Daniel M. Arapoglou,et al.  Capacity potential of mobile satellite broadcasting systems employing dual polarization per beam , 2010, 2010 5th Advanced Satellite Multimedia Systems Conference and the 11th Signal Processing for Space Communications Workshop.

[34]  Joseph M. Kahn,et al.  Fading correlation and its effect on the capacity of multielement antenna systems , 2000, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[35]  A. Chebihi,et al.  A Novel Isolation Technique for Closely Spaced PIFAs for UMTS Mobile Phones , 2008, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[36]  J. Compton.  The tripole antenna: An adaptive array with full polarization flexibility , 1981 .

[37]  T. L. Marzetta,et al.  Fundamental limitations on the capacity of wireless links that use polarimetric antenna arrays , 2002, Proceedings IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory,.

[38]  Lajos Nagy,et al.  Channel capacity maximization in MIMO antenna system by genetic algorithm , 2009, 2009 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation.

[39]  Jesús Gómez-Vilardebó,et al.  Statistical Modeling of Dual-Polarized MIMO Land Mobile Satellite Channels , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[40]  Linda M. Davis,et al.  A polarimetric line-of-sight channel model for MIMO satellite communications , 2013, 2013 Australian Communications Theory Workshop (AusCTW).

[41]  D. Headland,et al.  Terahertz and optical Dielectric Resonator Antennas: Potential and challenges for efficient designs , 2016, 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).

[42]  Kwai-Man Luk,et al.  Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna for Future 5G Mobile Phones , 2014, IEEE Access.

[43]  Marimuthu Palaniswami,et al.  Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions , 2012, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[44]  Masayoshi Tonouchi,et al.  Cutting-edge terahertz technology , 2007 .

[45]  Claude Oestges,et al.  Dual-polarized wireless communications: from propagation models to system performance evaluation , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[46]  W. C. Jakes,et al.  Microwave Mobile Communications , 1974 .

[47]  Gordon L. Stüber,et al.  Geometrical Theory of Channel Depolarization , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[48]  Muhammad Ali Imran,et al.  The role of satellites in 5G , 2014, 2015 23rd European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO).

[49]  Vinko Erceg,et al.  Dual-polarization versus single-polarization MIMO channel measurement results and modeling , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[50]  Theodore S. Rappaport,et al.  73 GHz millimeter wave propagation measurements for outdoor urban mobile and backhaul communications in New York City , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[51]  Rohit U. Nabar,et al.  Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications , 2003 .

[52]  Yongxiong Ren,et al.  Influence of beam wander on uplink of ground-to-satellite laser communication and optimization for transmitter beam radius. , 2010, Optics letters.

[53]  Douglas H. Werner,et al.  Electromagnetics of Body Area Networks: Antennas, Propagation, and RF Systems , 2016 .

[54]  Louis Coetzee,et al.  The Internet of Things - promise for the future? An introduction , 2011, 2011 IST-Africa Conference Proceedings.

[55]  Nicholas P. Lawrence,et al.  Planar slot antenna with circular and vertical polarization diversity , 2017 .

[56]  R. Janaswamy,et al.  The effect of mutual coupling on the capacity of the MIMO cube , 2005, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[57]  M. Sakamoto,et al.  Base station polarization diversity reception for mobile radio , 1984, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[58]  R.W. Heath,et al.  60 GHz wireless communications: emerging requirements and design recommendations , 2007, IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine.

[59]  Riccardo De Gaudenzi,et al.  MIMO over Satellite: A Review , 2011, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[60]  P.F.M. Smulders,et al.  Exploiting the 60 GHz band for local wireless multimedia access: prospects and future directions , 2002, IEEE Commun. Mag..

[61]  W. Lee,et al.  Polarization Diversity System for Mobile Radio , 1972, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[62]  Derek Abbott,et al.  Planar Triorthogonal Diversity Slot Antenna , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[63]  T. Manabe,et al.  Millimeter-wave attenuation and delay rates due to fog/cloud conditions , 1989 .

[64]  Preben E. Mogensen,et al.  A stochastic MIMO radio channel model with experimental validation , 2002, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[65]  P. De Doncker,et al.  Multipolarized MIMO Channel Characteristics: Analytical Study and Experimental Results , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[66]  R. Van Tuyl.  Unlicensed millimeter wave communications. A new opportunity for MMIC technology at 60 GHz , 1996, GaAs IC Symposium IEEE Gallium Arsenide Integrated Circuit Symposium. 18th Annual Technical Digest 1996.

[67]  John B. Kenney,et al.  Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) Standards in the United States , 2011, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[68]  István Frigyes,et al.  SAT02-6: Application of the 3D Polarization Concept in Satellite MIMO Systems , 2006, IEEE Globecom 2006.

[69]  Helmut Bölcskei,et al.  An overview of MIMO communications - a key to gigabit wireless , 2004, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[70]  Brian L. Hughes,et al.  On the degrees of freedom in linear array systems with tri-polarized antennas , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[71]  Erik G. Larsson,et al.  Massive MIMO for next generation wireless systems , 2013, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[72]  H.T. Friis,et al.  A Note on a Simple Transmission Formula , 1946, Proceedings of the IRE.

[73]  Beza Negash Getu,et al.  The MIMO cube - a compact MIMO antenna , 2002, The 5th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications.

[74]  Michael A. Jensen,et al.  Mutual coupling in MIMO wireless systems: a rigorous network theory analysis , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[75]  Christophe Fumeaux,et al.  A Cross-Shaped Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Multifunction and Polarization Diversity Applications , 2011, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[76]  Helmut Bölcskei,et al.  Performance of multiantenna signaling techniques in the presence of polarization diversity , 2002, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[77]  Frode Bøhagen,et al.  Construction and capacity analysis of high-rank line-of-sight MIMO channels , 2005, IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2005.

[78]  G. Fowles,et al.  Introduction to modern optics , 1968 .

[79]  S.-L.S. Yang,et al.  A dual-polarized antenna with pattern diversity , 2008, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[80]  Abbas Jamalipour,et al.  Wireless communications , 2005, GLOBECOM '05. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005..

[81]  A. Robert Calderbank,et al.  Fully-Polarimetric MIMO to Improve Throughput and Reliability across Propagation Conditions , 2009, 2009 IEEE 70th Vehicular Technology Conference Fall.

[82]  Riccardo De Gaudenzi,et al.  Practical MIMO aspects in dual polarization per beam mobile satellite broadcasting , 2012, Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw..

[83]  Markku Kivikoski,et al.  Radio Frequency Technology for Automated Manufacturing and Logistics Control. Part 1: Passive RFID Systems and the Effects of Antenna Parameters on Operational Distance , 2003 .

[84]  Tadao Nagatsuma,et al.  A Review on Terahertz Communications Research , 2011 .

[85]  Derek Abbott,et al.  Tri‐orthogonal polarization diversity for 5G networks , 2016, Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol..

[86]  Theodore S. Rappaport,et al.  Radiocommunications , 1967, Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge.

[87]  Rodney G. Vaughan,et al.  Polarization diversity in mobile communications , 1990 .

[88]  Seong‐Ook Park,et al.  3D Polarized Channel Modeling and Performance Comparison of MIMO Antenna Configurations With Different Polarizations , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[89]  Mary Ann Ingram,et al.  Capacity of measured ricean and rayleigh indoor MIMO channels at 2.4 GHz with polarization and spatial diversity , 2006, IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2006. WCNC 2006..

[90]  Donald C. Cox,et al.  Antenna Diversity Performance in Mitigating the Effects of Portable Radiotelephone Orientation and Multipath Propagation , 1983, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[91]  Jie-Bang Yan,et al.  Compact Three-Port Orthogonally Polarized MIMO Antennas , 2007, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[92]  R. King.  Electromagnetic waves and antennas above and below the surface of the earth , 1979 .

[93]  Lingyu Yang,et al.  Measurement-Based Performance Comparison of Colocated Tripolarized Loop and Dipole Antennas , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[94]  Mikael Coldrey,et al.  Modeling and Capacity of Polarized MIMO Channels , 2008, VTC Spring 2008 - IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference.

[95]  Kevin Ashton,et al.  That ‘Internet of Things’ Thing , 1999 .

[96]  W. Stutzman,et al.  Spatial, polarization, and pattern diversity for wireless handheld terminals , 2001 .

[97]  Robert W. Heath,et al.  MIMO Precoding and Combining Solutions for Millimeter-Wave Systems , 2014, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[98]  Derek Abbott,et al.  Tri-orthogonal polarization diversity reception for non-geosynchronous satellite orbit ionospheric channels , 2018, Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw..

[99]  Prasanna Adhikari.  Understanding Millimeter Wave Wireless Communication , 2008 .

[100]  Arogyaswami Paulraj,et al.  Capacity obtained from multiple-input multiple-output channel measurements in fixed wireless environments at 2.5 GHz , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Proceedings. ICC 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37333).

[101]  Emre Telatar,et al.  Capacity and mutual information of wideband multipath fading channels , 1998, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[102]  Vincent F. Fusco,et al.  Understanding and measuring circular polarization , 2003, IEEE Trans. Educ..

[103]  David Gesbert,et al.  From theory to practice: an overview of MIMO space-time coded wireless systems , 2003, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[104]  M. C. Mtumbuka,et al.  A tri-polarized ultra-wideband MIMO system , 2005, IEEE/Sarnoff Symposium on Advances in Wired and Wireless Communication, 2005..

[105]  Ali M. Niknejad,et al.  mm-Wave Silicon Technology: 60 GHz and Beyond , 2008 .

[106]  Theodore S. Rappaport,et al.  Wireless Communications -- Principles and Practice, Second Edition. (The Book End) , 2002 .

[107]  Theodore S. Rappaport,et al.  Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice (2nd Edition) by , 2012 .

[108]  Michael A. Jensen,et al.  Analysis of electromagnetic field polarizations in multiantenna systems , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[109]  Partha P. Mitra,et al.  Tripling the capacity of wireless communications using electromagnetic polarization , 2001, Nature.

[110]  V. Erceg,et al.  Multiple-input multiple-output fixed wireless radio channel measurements and modeling using dual-polarized antennas at 2.5 GHz , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.